Anti-diabetic effect of black ginseng extract by augmentation of AMPK protein activity and upregulation of GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression in db/db mice

Abstract

BackgroundBlack ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), three to nine times-steamed and dried ginseng, has biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, the anti-diabetic effects of the black ginseng ethanol extract (GBG05-FF) in typical type 2 diabetic model db/db mice were investigated.MethodsThe effect of GBG05-FF in Type 2 diabetic mice was investigated by their blood analysis, biological mechanism analysis, and histological analysis.ResultsThe mice group treated with GBG05-FF showed decreased fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance compared to that of the nontreated GBG05-FF group. In the blood analysis, GBG05-FF decreased main plasma parameter such as HbA1c, triglyceride, and total-cholesterol levels related to diabetes and improved the expression of genes and protein related to glucose homeostasis and glucose uptake in the liver and muscle. The histological analysis result shows that GBG05-FF decreased lipid accumulation in the liver and damage in the muscle. Moreover, GBG05-FF increased the phosphorylation of the AMPK in the liver and upregulated the expression of GLUT2 in liver and GLUT4 in muscle. Therefore, the mechanisms of GBG05-FF may be related to suppressing gluconeogenesis by activating AMPK in the liver and affecting glucose uptake in surrounding tissues via the upregulation of GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression.ConclusionThese findings provided a new insight into the anti-diabetic clinical applications of GBG05-FF and it might play an important role in the development of promising functional foods and drugs from the viewpoint of the chemical composition and biological activities.

A Novel Indoline Derivative Ameliorates Diabesity-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease by Reducing Metabolic Abnormalities

“…AN1284-treated mice exhibited a higher percentage of functional β cells and the ability to secrete insulin than the untreated animals ( Figures 5E,F). One reason for the development of a loss of insulin sensitivity is the downregulation of expression of the GLUT4 transporter, as shown in db/db mice (16). This was demonstrated in the skeletal muscle of the untreated diabetic mice, and GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression levels were improved by AN1284 treatment (Figures 5G,H).…”

Apelin‑13 ameliorates metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in a rat model of type 2 diabetes with a high‑fat diet

“…GLUT4 is reported to be decreased in diabetic patients, which leads to a decrease in the uptake/utilization of glucose; whereas, cardiac contractility and metabolism are improved when GLUT4 is upregulated (46). AMPK, a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, acts as a target for metabolic syndrome prevention (47). In the present study, it was demonstrated that Apelin-13 elevated Apelin-12 expression in serum, myocardial tissues and aortic tissues and resulted in increases in myocardial GLUT4 and p-AMPKα2 levels.…”

Ethanolic Extract of Folium Sennae Mediates the Glucose Uptake of L6 Cells by GLUT4 and Ca2+

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from insufficient insulin secretion or insulin dysfunction. It may lead to a series of complications such as renal failure, cardiovascular disease, blindness, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and obesity [ 1 , 2 ]. The global prevalence of DM is on the rise, especially in developing countries [ 3 ].…”