Cardiovascular fitness in late adolescent males and later risk of serious non-affective mental disorders: a prospective, population-based study

Abstract

Lower fitness in late adolescent males is associated with increased risk of serious non-affective mental disorders in adulthood.

Is there an association between cardiorespiratory fitness and stage of illness in psychotic disorders? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…As shown in Tables and , 38 studies met criteria for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis and all were published after 2005 .…”

“…By contrast, the cross‐sectional studies included a total of 2698 cases (across Stages 1–4) and 3129 HC and all except one of these studies comprised 55–100% males. The median sample age was about 33 years, and 13 studies reported the inclusion of affective or schizoaffective alongside non‐affective psychoses .…”

“…Only one study reported CRF findings for a subsample classified as Stage 0 (122 individuals with a family history of psychosis) (13); two studies reported CRF findings in samples classified as Stage 1 (13,14). For Stage 2, three cohort studies reported CRF in army recruits and noted an association between lower CRF and the incidence of FEP (15)(16)(17); two other studies employed a casecontrol design (8,14) and six others comprised of FEP groups only (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Nineteen studies included subgroups classified as Stage 3 (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42), of which four included a matched HC group (30)(31)(32)40) and one included a general population reference sample (39).…”

Pre-print supplementary material

“…xi Supplemental Seven citations reported rates deriving from the army, army conscripts or army veterans [39][40][41][42][43][44][45] . These studies are summarised in Table 6 below.…”

“…One citation reported the effects of frequent cannabis use on risk of developing nonaffective disorders (OR: 2.0, 95%CI: 0.8-4.7), schizophrenia (OR: 3.7, 95%CI: 2.3-5.8) and brief psychosis (OR: 2.2, 95%CI: 1.0-4.7) 41 . Two further citations examined the effects of resting heart rate on schizophrenia (HR for resting heart rate of >82 beats per minute: 1.10 (95%CI: 1.08-1.12) and bipolar disorder (OR: 1.01, 85%CI: 1.00-1.03) 42 and the effects of cardiovascular fitness on nonaffective (HR for low fitness: 1.44, 95%CI:1.29-1.61) and other psychotic disorders (HR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.27-1.56) 44 . A final citation found an incidence of non-affective disorders of 11 per 100,000 personyears and of schizophrenia of 3 among English army personnel 43 .…”