Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus and Respiratory Disease in Exhibition Swine, Michigan, USA, 2015

Lorbach, Joshua N.; Wang, Leyi; Nolting, Jacqueline M.; Benjamin, Madonna; Killian, Mary Lea; Zhang, Yan; Bowman, Andrew S.

doi:10.3201/eid2307.170019

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Although PHEV infection has been endemic in different countries for decades and the primary route of PHEV infection is through upper and lower respiratory tracts, only few reports suggest an association of the virus with respiratory disease in swine (Cutlip and Mengeling, 1972). Recently, we have demonstrated that PHEV caused an influenza-like illness (ILI) in affected pigs and provided evidence for the role of PHEV as a respiratory pathogen (Lorbach et al, 2017). In that study, a significantly higher positive rate 38.7% (108 of 279 pigs) was observed in pigs at the Michigan fairs compared to 4.1% (23 of 560 pigs) in Indiana and Ohio, indicating the PHEV-associated epizootic behavior in the Michigan fairs (Lorbach et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Recently, we have demonstrated that PHEV caused an influenza-like illness (ILI) in affected pigs and provided evidence for the role of PHEV as a respiratory pathogen (Lorbach et al, 2017). In that study, a significantly higher positive rate 38.7% (108 of 279 pigs) was observed in pigs at the Michigan fairs compared to 4.1% (23 of 560 pigs) in Indiana and Ohio, indicating the PHEV-associated epizootic behavior in the Michigan fairs (Lorbach et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The traditional real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) test currently used in diagnostic laboratories does not differentiate emerged PHEV from classical PHEV strains (Lorbach et al, 2017). The triplex rRT-PCR developed in the present study will fulfill this purpose and can be used to monitor PHEV of different genetic genotypes and differentiate between them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Previous genomic characterization and analysis reveal that PHEV is closely related to bovine CoV and human CoV OC43, and have identified truncated NS2 and NS4.9 genes in the PHEV-VW572 strain (Vijgen et al, 2006). Prior to our study (Lorbach et al, 2017), only one complete PHEV genome sequence (PHEV-VW572) was available in GenBank. We completed the full genomic sequencing of 10 PHEV isolates, and the analyses of complete genomic sequences showed that PHEV formed three distinct genotypes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We completed the full genomic sequencing of 10 PHEV isolates, and the analyses of complete genomic sequences showed that PHEV formed three distinct genotypes. Interestingly, genotypes 1 had deletions in NS2 and NS4.9, while genotype 3 showed no deletion and genotype 2 has a large deletion in the NS2 gene (Lorbach et al, 2017). The prevalence and distribution of three genotypes remain unknown in pigs in the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of three US genotypes of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus

Wang

Eggett

Lanka

et al. 2019

Journal of Virological Methods

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A B S T R A C TPorcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. PHEV mainly causes two types of clinical manifestations representing vomiting and wasting and encephalomyelitis in piglets. However, our recent findings provide strong evidence that PHEV can also cause respiratory disease in older pigs. Genomic analysis of new PHEV strains identified in our former study further classifies PHEV into three genotypes. Detection and differentiation of these new mutants are critical in monitoring PHEV evolution in the field. In the present study, we report the development of a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of three PHEV genotypes, 1, 2, and 3. Three sets of primers and probes were designed; one set of primers and probe targeting the conserved regions of the 3′ end nucleocapsid for detection of all three genotypes and another two sets of primers and probes targeting the regions of NS2 with different patterns of deletions for detection of both genotypes 1 and 3, or genotype 3 only. Genotype 1 was positive when two probe dyes showed signals, genotype 2 was positive when only one probe dye showed a signal, and genotype 3 was positive when all three probes showed signals. The detection limit of the developed triplex real-time RT-PCR was as low as 8 or 9 DNA copies for three sets of primers and probes. The specificity test showed no cross reaction with other porcine viruses. Positive field-samples were correctly typed by this new assay, which was further confirmed by DNA sequencing. The triplex real-time RT-PCR provides a rapid and sensitive method to detect and differentiate all three US genotypes of PHEV from clinical samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Development of a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of three US genotypes of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus

Wang

Eggett

Lanka

et al. 2019

Journal of Virological Methods

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Animal Coronaviruses

Wang

Yoo

2022

Springer Protocols Handbooks

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Porcine Coronaviruses

Vlasova

Wang

Jung

et al. 2020

Livestock Diseases and Management

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Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are enteropathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) of swine. TGEV appearance in 1946 preceded identification of PEDV (1971) and PDCoV (2009) that are considered as emerging CoVs. A spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection in piglets appeared in 1984 in pigs in Belgium and was designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). PRCV is considered non-pathogenic because the infection is very mild or subclinical. Since PRCV emergence and rapid spread, most pigs have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, which has significantly reduced the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. In contrast, PDCoV and PEDV are currently expanding their geographic distribution, and there are reports on the circulation of TGEV-PEDV recombinants that cause a disease clinically indistinguishable from that associated with the parent viruses. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV cause acute gastroenteritis in pigs (most severe in neonatal piglets) and matches in their clinical signs and pathogenesis. Necrosis of the infected intestinal epithelial cells causes villous atrophy and malabsorptive diarrhoea. Profuse diarrhoea frequently combined with vomiting results in dehydration, which can lead to the death of piglets. Strong immune responses following natural infection protect against subsequent homologous challenge; however, these viruses display no cross-protection. Adoption of advance biosecurity measures and effective vaccines control and prevent the occurrence of diseases due to these porcine-associated CoVs. Recombination and reversion to virulence are the risks associated with generally highly effective attenuated vaccines necessitating further research on alternative vaccines to ensure their safe application in the field.

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Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus and Respiratory Disease in Exhibition Swine, Michigan, USA, 2015

Cited by 33 publications

References 9 publications

Development of a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of three US genotypes of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus

Development of a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of three US genotypes of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus

Animal Coronaviruses

Porcine Coronaviruses

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