Easy and non-invasive disease detection in pigs by adenosine deaminase activity determinations in saliva

Gutiérrez, Ana María; Cruz‐Sánchez, Ernesto De la; Montes, Ana; Sotillo, Juan; Gutiérrez-Panizo, C.; Fuentes, Pablo; Tornel, Pedro L.; Cabezas-Herrera, Juan

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179299

Cited by 21 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In our report, ADA1 was the main contributor to the tADA activity in both serum and saliva. It was in agreement with a recent report [33] but in contrast with a previous one that found ADA2 as the predominant form in porcine saliva [43]. In saliva, signi cant increases were found in tADA and ADA1 in pigs with lameness compared with healthy pigs, but these were not detected in serum.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions to four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

Contreras-Aguilar

Tvarijonaviciute

Monkevičienė

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about cell-mediated immunity. This report’s objetive was to study the enzymatic activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in canine, equine, porcine, and bovine serum and saliva and their changes in different inflammatory situations in each species. Besides, an automated method for ADA2 measurement was developed and validated.Results: tADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) concentration of 0.47mM was needed for ADA1 inhibition in canine and porcine samples (serum and saliva) and bovine saliva, whereas for equine saliva 0.94mM was needed. ADA2 activity was not detected in bovine serum and was very low or absent in equine serum and bovine saliva. An automated procedure to measure ADA2 consisting of adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement provided repetitive (coefficients of variation <8.8% in serum and <10% in saliva) and accurate (linearity under dilution approaches gave R 2 >0.90) results, being equivalent to a manual incubation of the sample with EHNA at a similar concentration. Salivary tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease and pigs with lameness than in healthy animals. ADA showed significant correlation with serum ferritin in dogs ( r = 0.602, P <0.01; r = 0.555, P <0.05; and r = 0.632, P <0.01; respectively for tADA, ADA1 and ADA2) and serum C-reactive protein in pigs ( r = 0.700, P <0.01, for both tADA and ADA1; r = 0.770, P <0.001, for ADA2), whereas salivary ADA2 significantly correlated with serum amyloid A in the horse ( r = 0.649, P <0.01). In the cow, salivary tADA and ADA1 significantly increased after calving, correlatingd with total white blood cell count ( r = 0.487, P <0.05, both).Conclusions: ADA activity, as well as its isoenzymes, can be measured in serum and saliva of different animal species. The salivary levels of these analytes could potentially be inflammatory biomarkers in these species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions to four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

Contreras-Aguilar

Tvarijonaviciute

Monkevičienė

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The reason for this high ADA activity in porcine saliva is unknown and should be further studied. In our report, ADA1 was the main contributor to the tADA activity in both serum and saliva, in agreement with a recent report [29] but in contrast with a previous one that found ADA2 as the predominant form in porcine saliva [42]. In saliva, significant increases were found in tADA and ADA1 in pigs with lameness compared with healthy pigs but these changes were not detected in serum.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) characterization in saliva and serum samples of different animal species

Contreras-Aguilar¹,

Tvarijonaviciute²,

Monkevičienė³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background The enzymatic activity of total adenosine deaminase (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 were studied in canine, equine, porcine and bovine serum and saliva. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) was used as a specific ADA1 inhibitor at different concentrations, and the distribution of the isoenzymes in serum and saliva was studied in different inflammatory situations in each species.Results Total ADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. EHNA concentration of 0.47mM was needed for ADA1 inhibition in canine and porcine samples (serum and saliva) and bovine saliva, whereas for equine saliva 0.94mM was needed. ADA2 activity was not detected in bovine serum and was very low or absent in equine serum and bovine saliva. An automated procedure to measure ADA2 consisting of adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement provided repetitive (coefficients of variation <8.8% in serum and <10% in saliva) and accurate (linearity under dilution approaches gave R 2 >0.90) results, being equivalent to a manual incubation of the sample with EHNA at a similar concentration. Salivary tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease and pigs with lameness than in healthy animals. ADA showed significant correlation with serum ferritin in dogs ( r = 0.602, P < 0.01; r = 0.555, P < 0.05; and r = 0.632, P < 0.01; respectively for tADA, ADA1 and ADA2) and serum C-reactive protein in pigs ( r = 0.700, P < 0.01, for both tADA and ADA1; r = 0.770, P < 0.001, for ADA2), whereas salivary ADA2 significantly correlated with serum amyloid A in the horse ( r = 0.649, P < 0.01). In the cow, salivary tADA and ADA1 significantly increased after calving, being correlated with total white blood cell count ( r = 0.487, P < 0.05, both).Conclusions ADA activity, as well as its isoenzymes, can be measured in serum and saliva of different animal species, and the salivary levels of these analytes could potentially be inflammatory biomarkers in these species. BackgroundAdenosine deaminase (ADA, EC number 3.5.4.4) is an enzyme that can be found in several tissues and fluids and it has two different isoenzymes. The isoenzyme ADA1 is mainly present in lymphoid

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“…Regarding the quantification of the ADA activity, the levels obtained in healthy animals were slightly lower than those previously reported in growing pigs of the same crossbreed origin [5]. Moreover, similar behaviours Table 4 Composition of the diet offered to commercial Large White x Duroc pigs at the fattening and finishing stage of the production system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The levels of ADA activity were quantified in the saliva samples using a commercial human assay (BioSystems S.A., Barcelona, Spain) that has been optimised and validated for use in porcine saliva samples [5].…”

Section: The Measurement Of Acute Phase Proteins Antioxidant Capacitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies regarding acute phase proteins (APPs) in pigs were based on the C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), indicating that salivary APPs concentration can be used as an early indicator of health status [3,4]. Moreover, recent studies performed over the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in saliva samples showed a powerful and cheap tool for health status assessment in pigs [5]. Other salivary biomarkers such as α-amylase [6], cortisol, chromogranin A, immunoglobulin A or testosterone [7] could be used as a practical and non-invasive tool for reflecting the activity of different physiological systems involved in the stress response and the immune system in pigs [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical characterization of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in saliva of pigs under common pathological conditions in the field: a pilot study

Sánchez¹,

Montilla²,

Gutiérrez-Panizo³

et al. 2020

BMC Vet Res

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Background: This study is focused on the measurement of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in the saliva of pigs in order to study their levels on different porcine pathological conditions in the field. The experiment involved 15 pigs without clinical signs of disease and 42 diseased pigs (suffering from lameness, rectal prolapse, fatigue or growth rate retardation). Individual saliva samples were collected, allowing the pigs to chew a sponge each for trace element quantifications through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Since this is the first report on the measurements of trace elements in porcine saliva, a routine analytical validation study was performed for the quantification of all the studied elements. Moreover, the acute phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoblobin (Hp), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were quantified in the saliva samples for the animal's health status assessment. Results: Modifications in the levels of acute phase proteins or ADA were only recorded in animals with lameness and rectal prolapse and those with fatigue respectively. Moreover, TAC level changes were observed in pigs with growth-rate retardation. However, alterations in the levels of two or more trace elements were reported for all the different groups of diseased pigs with evident variations within pathologies. Conclusions:The salivary quantification of trace elements could be considered as a complementary tool to acute phase proteins, TAC and ADA determinations for disease detection and differentiation in the pig and should be explored in greater depth.

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Easy and non-invasive disease detection in pigs by adenosine deaminase activity determinations in saliva

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions to four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions to four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) characterization in saliva and serum samples of different animal species

Analytical characterization of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in saliva of pigs under common pathological conditions in the field: a pilot study

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