Abstract:BackgroundAlthough infectious diseases still account for a high burden of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, simultaneous investigations on multiple infections affecting maternal and child health are missing.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, single-centre pilot study in a rural area of Ghana to assess the infectiological profile during pregnancy. Screening of 180 expectant mothers was done by vaginal swabs and serology to detect the most common pregnancy-relevant infections. They were also int… Show more
“…We accessed 11 full articles reporting the prevalence of CMV in pregnancy in Africa. Of the 11 studies, two were conducted in North Africa (both in Egypt [29,30]), four in West Africa (one in each of Gambia [31] and Ghana [32], two in Nigeria [33,34]), four in East Africa (one in each of the following countries; Ethiopia [35], Kenya [36], Sudan [37] and Tanzania [38]); and one in Southern Africa (Malawi) [39].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Exposure to CMV among African pregnant women in the reviewed studies was very high, but appears to vary across the continent. The prevalence of active infection, denoted by presence of IgM antibodies (0-15.5%), was much lower than that of IgG antibodies (60-100%) [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, the seroprevalence of both CMV IgG and IgM antibodies did not show any geographic trends across the African continent.…”
Section: Seroprevalence Of CMVmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies from Kenya, Sudan and one of the two from Nigeria report the lowest CMV seroprevalence frequencies (< 80%) [34,[36][37], while the rest of the studies reviewed reported frequencies greater than 90% [29][30][31][32][33]35,[38][39]. The differences in the prevalence rate across the African populations could be due to differences in other suggested or reported risk factors for CMV infection as well as study designs.…”
Introduction: Vertical transmission of Cytomegalovirus (CMV), resulting in congenital CMV (cCMV) infection could have disabling and potentially fatal effects on the foetus or neonate. Although primary infection probably has a higher risk of leading to cCMV, in highly seropositive populations, a significant risk of vertical transmission is thought to be due to CMV reactivation and or reinfection during pregnancy. In this narrative review, we summarise the prevalence of CMV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant African women, in a setting where primary CMV infection usually occurs during infancy.
Methodology: A systematic search of literature published between January 2000 and January 2019, retrieved on five bibliographic databases was performed. Search for relevant articles was performed using the following keywords: cytomegalovirus, CMV, infection, antenatal infections, pregnancy, pregnant women, gravidity, developing countries and Africa, with appropriate qualifiers such as OR, AND.
Results: Systematic searching retrieved 11 relevant original research papers. Prevalence of anti-CMV IgG and IgM antibodies ranged from 60-100% and 0-15.5%, respectively. Prevalence of CMV DNA ranged from 0-29%, depending on the specimen used. However, there was no geographic trend for CMV seroprevalence or CMV DNA prevalence across the African continent. Overall, a substantial percentage of women of reproductive-age were CMV seronegative and at risk of primary infection. Associations of sociodemographic factors with CMV infection were inconsistent across all reviewed studies.
Conclusions: The limited data and inconsistency of findings from the few studies carried out in Africa calls for prospective studies comparing prevalence and outcomes of cCMV in infants born to women with both primary and reactivated CMV in Africa.
“…We accessed 11 full articles reporting the prevalence of CMV in pregnancy in Africa. Of the 11 studies, two were conducted in North Africa (both in Egypt [29,30]), four in West Africa (one in each of Gambia [31] and Ghana [32], two in Nigeria [33,34]), four in East Africa (one in each of the following countries; Ethiopia [35], Kenya [36], Sudan [37] and Tanzania [38]); and one in Southern Africa (Malawi) [39].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Exposure to CMV among African pregnant women in the reviewed studies was very high, but appears to vary across the continent. The prevalence of active infection, denoted by presence of IgM antibodies (0-15.5%), was much lower than that of IgG antibodies (60-100%) [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, the seroprevalence of both CMV IgG and IgM antibodies did not show any geographic trends across the African continent.…”
Section: Seroprevalence Of CMVmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies from Kenya, Sudan and one of the two from Nigeria report the lowest CMV seroprevalence frequencies (< 80%) [34,[36][37], while the rest of the studies reviewed reported frequencies greater than 90% [29][30][31][32][33]35,[38][39]. The differences in the prevalence rate across the African populations could be due to differences in other suggested or reported risk factors for CMV infection as well as study designs.…”
Introduction: Vertical transmission of Cytomegalovirus (CMV), resulting in congenital CMV (cCMV) infection could have disabling and potentially fatal effects on the foetus or neonate. Although primary infection probably has a higher risk of leading to cCMV, in highly seropositive populations, a significant risk of vertical transmission is thought to be due to CMV reactivation and or reinfection during pregnancy. In this narrative review, we summarise the prevalence of CMV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant African women, in a setting where primary CMV infection usually occurs during infancy.
Methodology: A systematic search of literature published between January 2000 and January 2019, retrieved on five bibliographic databases was performed. Search for relevant articles was performed using the following keywords: cytomegalovirus, CMV, infection, antenatal infections, pregnancy, pregnant women, gravidity, developing countries and Africa, with appropriate qualifiers such as OR, AND.
Results: Systematic searching retrieved 11 relevant original research papers. Prevalence of anti-CMV IgG and IgM antibodies ranged from 60-100% and 0-15.5%, respectively. Prevalence of CMV DNA ranged from 0-29%, depending on the specimen used. However, there was no geographic trend for CMV seroprevalence or CMV DNA prevalence across the African continent. Overall, a substantial percentage of women of reproductive-age were CMV seronegative and at risk of primary infection. Associations of sociodemographic factors with CMV infection were inconsistent across all reviewed studies.
Conclusions: The limited data and inconsistency of findings from the few studies carried out in Africa calls for prospective studies comparing prevalence and outcomes of cCMV in infants born to women with both primary and reactivated CMV in Africa.
“…The prevalence found in this study is lower than prevalence from in rural settings. A cross-sectional survey among pregnant women in rural Ghana found a seroprevalence of 16.7% [26]. This indicates that HBV prevalence is higher in rural Ghana [23].The differences in findings might be due to differences in awareness and access to vaccination centers.…”
Introduction Hepatitis B virus infection is a global public health problem. Though, the disease is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about its epidemiology among pregnant women in Ghana. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital; Ghana's largest hospital. Methods We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional survey among 232 antenatal attendants. Participants were recruited using systematic random sampling technique and screened with HBsAg Rapid Test. Data was analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0. Results were presented using descriptive statistics, Fisher's Exact test and Logistic Regression analysis. Results Two hundred and twenty-one (221) of the total sample (n = 232) agreed to participate in this study; representing a response rate of 95%. The mean age of the participants was 31 years and standard deviation of 5.3. The mean gestational period at recruitment was 28 weeks and standard deviation of 6.8. Majority of the participants were married (83.3%), parous (69.6%), educated (91.4%) and employed (90.5%). The prevalence of HBsAg was 7.7%. We found no significant association between socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and HBV infection. Conclusion Seroprevalence of 7.7% indicates moderate endemicity. Socio-demographic characteristics did not influence HBV infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Korle
“…A South African study exploring prevalence of B19V infection among pregnant women found 20 asymptomatic neonates born to IgM positive mothers, although no samples from newborns were obtained[ 66 ]. Different African studies on maternal B19 V seroprevalence found IgG AB between 24.9 and 80% and IgM between 3 and 19%[ 66 – 70 ]. Unfortunately, maternal seroprevalence was not performed in this study and further research should be done in order to know the real burden of congenital B19V.…”
BackgroundCongenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most prevalent congenital infection acquired worldwide, with higher incidence in developing countries and among HIV-exposed children. Less is known regarding vertical transmission of parvovirus B19 (B19V) and enterovirus (EV). We aimed to assess the prevalence of CMV, B19V and EV vertical transmission and compare results of screening of congenital CMV obtained from two different specimens in a semirural Mozambican maternity.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant mothers attending Manhiça District Hospital upon delivery. Information on maternal risk factors was ascertained. Dried umbilical cord (DUC) samples were collected in filter paper for CMV, B19V and EV detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) to test for CMV by RT-PCR. Maternal blood samples and placental biopsy samples were also obtained to investigate CMV maternal serology, HIV status and immunopathology.ResultsFrom September 2014 to January 2015, 118 mothers/newborn pairs were recruited. Prevalence of maternal HIV infection was 31.4% (37/118). CMV RT-PCR was positive in 3/115 (2.6%) of DUC samples and in 3/96 (6.3%) of NPA samples obtained from neonates. The concordance of the RT-PCR assay through DUC with their correspondent NPA sample was moderate (Kappa = 0.42 and p<0.001. No differences on cCMV prevalence were found among HIV-exposed and unexposed. All (100%) mothers were seropositive for CMV IgG. RT-PCR of EV and B19V in DUC were both negative in all screened cases. No histological specific findings were found in placental tissues. No risk factors associated to vertical transmission of these viral infections were found.ConclusionsThis study indicates the significant occurrence of vertical transmission of CMV in southern Mozambique. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the true burden, clinical relevance and consequences of congenital infections with such pathogens in resource-constrained settings.
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