Low-Quality Housing Is Associated With Increased Risk of Malaria Infection: A National Population-Based Study From the Low Transmission Setting of Swaziland

Dlamini, Nomcebo; Hsiang, Michelle S.; Ntshalintshali, Nyasatu; Pindolia, Deepa; Allen, Regan L.; Nhlabathi, Nomcebo; Novotny, Joseph; Dufour, Mi Suk Kang; Midekisa, Alemayehu; Gosling, Roly; LeMenach, Arnaud; Cohen, Justin M.; Dorsey, Grant; Greenhouse, Bryan; Kunene, Simon

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx071

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Our study finding of sleeping outside the home was significantly associated with malaria. This was consistent with studies done in west Begal, India, and Swaziland [10, 11]. This might be due to the hot weather.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Malaria outbreak investigation in Tanquae Abergelle district, Tigray region of Ethiopia: a case–control study

2019

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Objective We investigated this outbreak to describe the magnitude and associated risk factors due to the malaria outbreak in Tanquae Abergelle district, Tigray, Ethiopia, in 2017. Result Case fatality rate of this study was zero. Among the 62 cases and 124 controls, the presence of mosquito breeding sites [OR = 6.56 CI (2.09–20.58) P value = 0.001], sleeping outside a home [OR = 5.06 CI (1.75–14.61) P-value = 0.003] and having unscreened window [OR = 14.89 CI (1.87–118.25) P-value = 0.011] were associated with illness in multivariate analysis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Malaria outbreak investigation in Tanquae Abergelle district, Tigray region of Ethiopia: a case–control study

2019

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“…The socio-economic factors which are increasing the risk of malaria in the community should also be addressed, as these are counteracting the protective effects offered by LLIN use. Living in poor quality housing with no window or door screens facilitates the entry of mosquitoes and increases the vulnerability of the inhabitants [41]. This type of housing also causes spatial repellents, which were used by three participants, to be ineffective in reducing mosquito density as they permit free airflow [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A qualitative study on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for the prevention of malaria in the Peruvian Amazon

Iyer

Skelton

Wildt

et al. 2019

Malar J

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Background Malaria is a huge global health burden due to its mortality, morbidity and cost to economies. It is necessary to eliminate the disease in all countries where possible to achieve the World Health Organization target of > 90% reduction by 2030. Successful previous campaigns suggest elimination is feasible in Peru. However, the incidence has recently been rising, focalized to the region of Loreto. Currently, the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) is a major part of Peru’s malaria control strategy, however these may be having a limited effect in Loreto, because of the recent behavioural adaption of the mosquito vector, Anopheles darlingi , to earlier biting times, as well as local perceptions and practices towards LLINs. It was, therefore, necessary to investigate how perceptions, practices and lifestyle factors affect the efficacy of LLINs in Loreto. Methods Qualitative research was carried out in 5 rural communities along the Iquitos-Nauta Road in Loreto, which have increased exposure and have received nets in a distribution scheme prior to the study. Twenty semi-structured interviews as well as observations of the bed nets were conducted in participants’ homes, using a topic guide. Thematic content analysis was used to produce the findings. Results All participants viewed malaria prevention as a high priority, and the use of bed nets was deeply embedded in the culture. They expressed preference for LLINs over traditional-type nets. However there were too few LLINs distributed, participants did not maintain the nets correctly, washed them too frequently and did not repair holes. The earlier mosquito biting times were also problematic. Additionally, poor housing construction and proximity to mosquito breeding sites further increased transmission. Conclusion The positive findings in attitudes of the respondents can be used to improve malaria control in these communities. Interventions providing education on effective LLIN use should be implemented. A change in strategy away from vector control methods is also necessary, as these do not provide long-term protection due to the adaptability of An. darlingi . Interventions focusing on parasite control are recommended, and socio-economic factors which increase malaria risk should be addressed.

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“…DBS samples underwent molecular testing by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) using previously described methods [28]. A second DBS from all index cases and LAMP-positive individuals from RACD was collected for subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) using the var ATS method [29].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in the Low-Transmission Setting of the Kingdom of Eswatini

Roh

Tessema

Murphy

et al. 2019

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background To better understand transmission dynamics, we characterized Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in Eswatini, where transmission is low and sustained by importation. Methods Twenty-six P. falciparum microsatellites were genotyped in 66% of confirmed cases (2014–2016; N = 582). Population and within-host diversity were used to characterize differences between imported and locally acquired infections. Logistic regression was used to assess the added value of diversity metrics to classify imported and local infections beyond epidemiology data alone. Results Parasite population in Eswatini was highly diverse (expected heterozygosity [HE] = 0.75) and complex: 67% polyclonal infections, mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) 2.2, and mean within-host infection fixation index (FWS) 0.84. Imported cases had comparable diversity to local cases but exhibited higher MOI (2.4 vs 2.0; P = .004) and lower mean FWS (0.82 vs 0.85; P = .03). Addition of MOI and FWS to multivariate analyses did not increase discrimination between imported and local infections. Conclusions In contrast to the common perception that P. falciparum diversity declines with decreasing transmission intensity, Eswatini isolates exhibited high parasite diversity consistent with high rates of malaria importation and limited local transmission. Estimates of malaria transmission intensity from genetic data need to consider the effect of importation, especially as countries near elimination.

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Low-Quality Housing Is Associated With Increased Risk of Malaria Infection: A National Population-Based Study From the Low Transmission Setting of Swaziland

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

Malaria outbreak investigation in Tanquae Abergelle district, Tigray region of Ethiopia: a case–control study

Malaria outbreak investigation in Tanquae Abergelle district, Tigray region of Ethiopia: a case–control study

A qualitative study on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for the prevention of malaria in the Peruvian Amazon

High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in the Low-Transmission Setting of the Kingdom of Eswatini

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