Aflatoxin B1 Tolerance and Accumulation in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) and Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)

Bosch, G.; Fels‐Klerx, H.J. van der; Rijk, T.C. de; Oonincx, D.G.A.B.

doi:10.3390/toxins9060185

Cited by 112 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(45 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

127

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Bosch, van der Fels‐Klerx, De Rijk, and Oonincx () investigated the aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) tolerance and accumulation in larvae of H. illucens and T. molitor . They found that the AFB 1 concentrations tested for (at levels of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, and up to 0.5 mg/kg dry feed) did not affect survival and weight gains in both species.…”

Section: Chemical Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods

Fels‐Klerx

Camenzuli

Belluco

et al. 2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

182

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Edible insects are expected to become an important nutrient source for animals and humans in the Western world in the near future. However, before insects can be put on the market, the safety of their use for feed and food is warranted. This literature study was prepared to provide an overview of the actual knowledge of possible food safety hazards, including chemical, microbiological, and allergenic agents and prions, to human and animal health upon the use of insects for food and feed, and to highlight data gaps and suggest the way forward. From the data available, heavy metals of concern are cadmium in black soldier fly and arsenic in yellow mealworm larvae. Investigated mycotoxins do not seem to accumulate. Residues of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and hormones, as well as dioxins and PCBs, are sometimes found in insects. Contamination of insects with pathogens to human health is a consequence of a combination of the substrates used and the farming and processing steps applied. Insects harbor a wide variety of microorganisms, and some human pathogenic bacteria may be present. In addition, insects may harbor and transmit parasites. There is no evidence so far insects may harbor pathogenic viruses or prions, but they may act as vectors. Insects and insect-derived products may have allergenic potential. In this review, evidence on some safety aspects is displayed, and data gaps are identified. Recommendations are given for future research to fill the most relevant data gaps.

show abstract

Section: Chemical Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods

Fels‐Klerx

Camenzuli

Belluco

et al. 2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

182

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Arthropods are very diverse in their interactions with toxigenic molds, ranging from high susceptibility to remarkable tolerance, presumably, resulting from the variable nature of this evolutionary pressure across habitats. Variation in susceptibility to AF and other mycotoxins has been detected by various studies focusing on mycophagous mites (Racovitza, 2009), Drosophila species (Rohlfs and Obmann, 2009), soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) (Bosch et al, 2017;Camenzuli et al, 2018), the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) (Drott et al, 2017), the yellow and lesser mealworms (Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus) (Bosch et al, 2017;Camenzuli et al, 2018), the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) (Niu et al, 2009), the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) (Zeng et al, 2013), or the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) (Zeng et al, 2006;Niu et al, 2008Niu et al, , 2009. It is plausible that species feeding on highly contaminated food sources are selected towards higher tolerance.…”

Section: The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins Versus Arthropodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.

show abstract

“…In the growing stage, the larval biomass contained considerable DON concentration; however, there was no DON accumulation observed in BSFL after the 12-day rearing. Bosch et al [3] evaluated the tolerance and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in BSFL fed with AFB1-containing feeds to utilize the mycotoxin-contaminated crops. The BSFL did not contain detectable levels of AFB1 (<0.10 µg/kg).…”

Section: Amounts Of Don In Spent Feed and Bsfl Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to limit the mycotoxins in food and feed, regulations specify maximum allowable concentrations, which is 1 mg/kg sample in many countries. According to the regulations, products are monitored, and when mycotoxin concentrations exceed the maximum allowable limits, products are separated from the food chain [3]. The economic loss from FHB accounts for many millions of dollars in Canada alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a considerable interest in the use of insects to recover inedible organic matter because insects can convert carbohydrates into proteins and lipids using organic wastes [5]. Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) is one of the most important species, along with other insect species like Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm), Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly), Amyelois transitella (orange worm), Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm), and Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) [3]. While the regulations vary among countries and areas, the nutrient values and ease of utilization of insect nutrients draw huge interests for providing an alternative food source [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Deoxynivalenol (DON) Accumulation and Nutrient Recovery in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Fed Wheat Infected with Fusarium spp.

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most significant causes of economic loss in cereal crops, resulting in a loss of $50–300 million for Canadian agriculture. The infected grain (containing Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs)) is often both lower in quality and kernel weight, and it may be unsuitable for human and animal consumption due to mycotoxin presence. However, it still contains a considerable amount of nutrients. A method to recover the nutrients without the mycotoxins should be beneficial for the agricultural economy. In this study, our objective was to examine recovery methods of the nutrients in relation to mycotoxin accumulation in the insect. The FDKs were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae and/or Lactobacillus plantarum (solid-state fermentation (SSF)). The SSF kernels were then provided to 50 young, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for 12 days. Weight gain, chemical composition, and mycotoxin bioaccumulation of BSFL and spent feed were evaluated. After 12 days of insect culture, the BSFL grew 5–6 times their initial weight. While the overall weights did not significantly vary, the proteins and lipids accumulated more in SSF FDK-fed insects. During the active growth period, the larval biomass contained deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin, at detectable levels; however, by day 12, when the larvae were in the pre-pupal stage, the amount of DON in the insect biomass was nearly negligible, i.e., BSFL did not accumulate DON. Thus, we conclude that the combination of BSFL and SSF can be employed to recover DON-free nutrients from FHB-infected grain to recover value from unmarketable grain.

show abstract

Aflatoxin B1 Tolerance and Accumulation in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) and Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)

Cited by 112 publications

References 31 publications

Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods

Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods

The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota

Deoxynivalenol (DON) Accumulation and Nutrient Recovery in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Fed Wheat Infected with Fusarium spp.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About