Weight loss achieved using an energy restriction diet with normal or higher dietary protein decreased the number of CD14 ++ CD16 + proinflammatory monocytes and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in middle-aged, overweight, and obese adults

Abstract

Monocytes are involved in immune responses, and specific monocyte subpopulations (MS) that express intermediate to high levels of CD16 are associated with obesity and cardiovascular events. Consuming high protein (HP) when dieting improves body composition and cardiometabolic health outcomes, but whether HP affects MS during weight loss remains unknown. We assessed the effect of HP on energy restriction (ER)-induced changes in MS in overweight and obese adults. The relations between MS and plasma lipids and lipoproteins were also examined. We hypothesized that, independent of protein intake, ER-induced weight loss would decrease the numbers of MS and that MS and plasma lipids and lipoproteins would be related. Thirty-two adults (age 52 ± 1 years, body mass index 31.3 ± 0.5 kg/m, means ± S.E.) consumed either a normal protein (n=18) or HP (n=14) (0.8 vs 1.5 g•kg•d protein) ER diet (750-kcal/d [3138-kJ/d] deficit) for 16 weeks. The HP diet included 0.7 g•kg•d of milk protein isolate. Fasting plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and the numbers of MS were analyzed. Over time, independent of protein intake, CD14CD16 cell number decreased, whereas CD14CD16, CD14CD16, and CD14CD16 cell numbers remained unchanged. CD14CD16 cell number was negatively associated with total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride, while CD14CD16 cell number was positively associated with TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), TC to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio, and LDL to HDL ratio. Weight loss achieved while consuming an ER diet with either normal or high protein may improve immunity by partially decreasing proinflammatory monocytes. Associations between MS and plasma lipids and lipoproteins are confirmed in overweight and obese adults.

Analysis of the percentages of monocyte subsets and ILC2s, their relationships with metabolic variables and response to hypocaloric restriction in obesity

“…However, our findings agree with other works e.g. Nieman et al [57] mentioned that a moderate weight loss, decrease certain aspects of immune system (percentage of immune cells and functions); and Kim et al demonstrated that caloric restriction with a high protein diet, also decreases NCM subset [22]. Considering that we administered a diet with moderate caloric restriction we concluded that this diet might offer the benefit of reduction of inflammatory damage, even with moderate weight loss.…”

“…We also confirmed the relations of NCMs and ILC2s with plasma lipids. Increased CD14 + CD16 ++ monocytes and low HDL-C levels are reported in inflammatory disorders [22]. HDL-C and Apo A-1 may prevent monocytes activation and their attachment to the endothelium surface [50].…”

“…The minor CD16 + Mo subpopulation comprises the remaining 10-15% and is subdivided further into intermediate monocytes (IM; CD14 + CD16 + ) and non-classical monocytes (NCM; CD14 -CD16 ++ ), both with a pro-inflammatory phenotype and are elevated in chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Changes in monocytes subsets CD14 ++ CD16 -, CD14 + CD16 + and CD14 -CD16 ++ have been described after dietary interventions in obese individuals [19][20][21][22]. Monocytes can migrate toward AT and endothelium, where they become converted into macrophages.…”

Effects of dietary energy level on growth performance, blood parameters and meat quality in fattening male Hu lambs

“…Energy deficiency retards lamb growth performance, carcass characteristics and productivity (Hosseini, Akbary, Maheri-Sis, & Aghsaghali, 2008), which is further accompanied by deficiencies in protein, vitamins and minerals (Abdullah et al, 2008;Lu & Potchoiba, 1990). The proper growth and development of growing lambs largely depend on the nutrition level, and increasing dietary energy levels generally can improve the average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of sheep (Ebrahimi, Ahmadi, Zamiri, & Rowghani, 2007;Hosseini et al, 2008;Song et al, 2018), while insufficient nutrition, especially of energy, reduces the growth performance of intensively managed sheep (Bellof & Pallauf 2004;Cameron & Speakman 2010;Kim et al, 2017). Some studies indicate that metabolizable energy intake can influence serum biochemical indices (Song et al, 2018), meat composition and quality (de Araújo et al, 2017;Arsenos et al, 2002), lipid metabolism and fatty acid profiles (Zhang, Liu, Brown, & Wu, 2015).…”

<p>The Exercise Training Modulatory Effects on the Obesity-Induced Immunometabolic Dysfunctions</p>

“…On the contrary, a negative relation of CD14⁺CD16⁺⁺ cells with total cholesterol and TG has been demonstrated in individuals with OW and obesity. 91 Additionally, a higher frequency of IM MONs has been shown in individuals who had three or more MetS criteria compared to metabolically healthy people. 92 Adiponectin is an antiinflammatory adipokine that contributes to maintaining the anti-inflammatory status through the expression of two types of the receptor (adipoR1/R2) on many kinds of cells including liver, MONs, skeletal muscle, and AT cells.…”