Clenbuterol Hydrochloride

Al-Majed, Abdulhakeem A.; Khalil, Nasr Y.; Khbrani, Ibraheem; Abdel‐Aziz, Hatem A.

doi:10.1016/bs.podrm.2017.02.002

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Clenbuterol, as a ‘size zero pill’, is popular and widely available on the web, being considered an ergo/thermogenic drug and hence, an anabolic burner [ 138 ], similar to caffeine, ephedrine, and thyroid hormones. Clenbuterol-associated lypolisis can occur via both β-2 adrenergic agonism and its specific action on the adipocytes’ β-3 adrenergic receptors, which further facilitates lipolysis and weight loss [ 139 , 140 , 141 ]. While anti-asthmatic clenbuterol dosage ranges between 20 and 40mcg daily, the typical ‘fat burning’ dose is in the 120–160 mcg daily range; dosage starts at 40 mcg daily, gradually increases, and then remains at the highest dosage for a duration of 2–4 weeks [ 142 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the Context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A Systematic Review

et al. 2018

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Recently, a range of prescription and over-the-counter drugs have been reportedly used as Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS), due to their potential for abuse resulting from their high dosage/idiosyncratic methods of self-administration. This paper provides a systematic review of the topic, focusing on a range of medications which have emerged as being used recreationally, either on their own or in combination with NPS. Among gabapentinoids, pregabalin may present with higher addictive liability levels than gabapentin, with pregabalin being mostly identified in the context of opioid, polydrug intake. For antidepressants, their dopaminergic, stimulant-like, bupropion activities may explain their recreational value and diversion from the therapeutic intended use. In some vulnerable clients, a high dosage of venlafaxine (‘baby ecstasy’) is ingested for recreational purposes, whilst the occurrence of a clinically-relevant withdrawal syndrome may be a significant issue for all venlafaxine-treated patients. Considering second generation antipsychotics, olanzapine appears to be ingested at very large dosages as an ‘ideal trip terminator’, whilst the immediate-release quetiapine formulation may possess proper abuse liability levels. Within the image- and performance- enhancing drugs (IPEDs) group, the beta-2 agonist clenbuterol (‘size zero pill’) is reported to be self-administered for aggressive slimming purposes. Finally, high/very high dosage ingestion of the antidiarrhoeal loperamide has shown recent increasing levels of popularity due to its central recreational, anti-withdrawal, opiatergic effects. The emerging abuse of prescription drugs within the context of a rapidly modifying drug scenario represents a challenge for psychiatry, public health and drug-control policies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the Context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A Systematic Review

et al. 2018

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“…β‐2 agonists are synthetic molecules with sympathomimetic activity, typically prescribed to both humans and animals, and in a number of countries, as bronchodilators for the treatment of asthma . Although both clenbuterol and salbutamol possess a high degree of β‐2 selectivity, they also exhibit levels of β‐1 agonist activities, especially at higher doses .…”

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confidence: 99%

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

Milano

Chiappini

Mattioli

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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A recent years' increase in misusing levels of image- and performance- enhancing drugs (IPEDs) has been observed. Out of these drugs, beta-2 agonists have recently emerged for their potential of misuse, especially for slimming and bodybuilding purposes. To this perspective, clenbuterol ('the size zero pill') has been reported as being both popular and widely available from the illegal market. All clenbuterol and salbutamol misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label spontaneous reports (2006-2016) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) EudraVigilance (EV) database were collected and analysed by age range, gender, concomitant therapies and source of information. From the EV database, 55 of a total number of 920 'suspect' misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label ADRs (e.g. 5.97%; corresponding to 25 of 138 individuals) and 1310 of 62,879 ADRs (e.g. 2.08%; corresponding to 474 of 6923 individuals) were, respectively, associated with clenbuterol (typically ingested in combination with a range of anabolic steroids) and salbutamol. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) value for misuse/abuse ADRs was higher (PRR = 18.38) for clenbuterol in comparison with salbutamol. Clenbuterol misuse/abuse could be a cause for major concern, especially in vulnerable individuals.

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“…After administering orally for 21 consecutive days at dosage of 10-20 times higher than the therapeutic dose, it was observed that clenbuterol accumulated in liver, bile, eye and other edible tissues 7 . Additionally, clenbuterol residues in animal tissues were found to be unaffected by boiling water and a range of cooking processes such as boiling, frying, roasting 5 . Consumption of clenbuterol-contaminated food can lead to poison for human with many toxicity symptoms such as dizziness, tachycardia, tachypnea, tremors, vertigo, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 3,5-dichloro groups prevent clenbuterol from being metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which results in its long half-life and its accumulation in animal tissues 4 . Researches on clenbuterol pharmacokinetics in men and animals reported that clenbuterol was well-absorbed when administered orally and excreted predominantly via urine 1,5 . After administering orally for 21 consecutive days at dosage of 10-20 times higher than the therapeutic dose, it was observed that clenbuterol accumulated in liver, bile, eye and other edible tissues 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At doses 5-10 folds higher than therapeutic dose, clenbuterol induces weight gain, increases muscle and decreases adipose tissue mass 4 . Due to its anabolic effects, clenbuterol is illegally used in animal production as a promoting agent and is abused by sportsmen for bodybuilding 1,5,6 . The chemistry structure of clenbuterol is similar to derivations from endogenous catecholamines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of clenbuterol-induced changes in blood biochemical parameters in white mice

Anh¹,

Thuan²

2018

Pharm Sci Asia

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Clenbuterol Hydrochloride

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the Context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A Systematic Review

Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the Context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A Systematic Review

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

Evaluation of clenbuterol-induced changes in blood biochemical parameters in white mice

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