Pubertal development and anxiety risk independently relate to startle habituation during fear conditioning in 8–14 year‐old females

Jackson, Felicia; Nelson, Brady D.; Meyer, Alexandria; Hajcak, Greg

doi:10.1002/dev.21506

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…Looking at the reasons to discontinue, our results are in line with previous studies (Den et al, 2015; Glenn et al, 2012; Jackson et al, 2017). The scream US was the most prominent reason for dropout of the fear conditioning paradigm followed by fear of the startle probe.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Regarding participants' sex, studies yield mixed findings with Glenn et al (2012) describing non-completers as more likely to be female, while Lau et al (2008) identified that males are less likely to return for extinction. Looking at the specific reasons to discontinue, studies described the US as being too loud (Den et al, 2015), participants being afraid of the experimental stimuli in general (Glenn et al, 2012), or fearing the fear conditioning task itself (Jackson et al, 2017). In sum, the information provided in existing studies about dropout rates and reasons, as well as the description of non-completers of fear conditioning tasks seems to be rather inconsistent and often lacks information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying characteristics of non-completers in fear conditioning paradigms with children and adolescents

Flasinski

Sommer

Schneider

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology

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The number of studies on fear conditioning in children and adolescents has increased in recent years. Most of these studies exclusively focus on data of completers while dropout rates, reasons for dropout, and specific characteristics of non-completers are underreported. This study systematically investigated data of 283 children and adolescents between 8 and 17 years ( M = 11.10 , SD = 2.14) undergoing a differential fear conditioning paradigm using a female scream as unconditioned stimulus (US). The sample included 230 children and adolescents with a current primary anxiety disorder (separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia) and 53 non-anxious controls. The dropout rate was 24.1%. The most common reason to discontinue was being afraid of the US (59.1%) followed by the startle probe being too loud (15.2%). Logistic regressions revealed that younger age and a present anxiety disorder predicted dropout. There seem to be distinct characteristics potentially predicting dropout from fear conditioning paradigms. Thus, interpretability and generalizability of those paradigms are limited when non-completers are not considered. Future research should conscientiously look at these data more closely and investigate paradigms that work independent of age and diagnostic status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying characteristics of non-completers in fear conditioning paradigms with children and adolescents

Flasinski

Sommer

Schneider

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The ΔERN is used to isolate activity unique to error processing (Simons, 2010), and has been extensively used in prior studies investigating the ERN (Jackson, Nelson, Meyer, & Hajcak, 2017; Kujawa et al, 2016). The ΔERN was therefore considered the primary dependent variable; however, secondary models were also run using the individual ERN and CRN variables to provide additional information regarding variations in activity to errors and correct trials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use on error-related brain activity

Gorka

Phan

2017

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Anxiety disorders are associated with enhanced defensive reactivity to errors, measured via the error-related negativity (ERN). There is some evidence to suggest that problematic alcohol use is also associated with an enhanced ERN; although prior studies have been almost exclusively in men and have yet to examine the potential interactive effects of anxiety and alcohol abuse symptoms. The aim of the current study was to address the gaps in this literature by examining the unique and interactive effects of anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use on the ERN in a sample of 79 heterogeneous internalizing disorder patients. All participants completed a flanker task designed to robustly elicit the ERN and questionnaires assessing current internalizing symptoms and problematic alcohol use. As expected, results revealed that greater anxiety symptoms, but not depressive symptoms, were associated with a more enhanced ERN. There was no main effect of problematic alcohol use but there was a significant anxiety by problematic alcohol use interaction. At high anxiety symptoms, greater problematic alcohol use was associated with a more enhanced ERN; at low anxiety symptoms, alcohol use was unrelated to the ERN. There was no depression by alcohol abuse interaction. The findings suggest that within anxious individuals, heightened reactivity to errors/threat may be related to risk for alcohol abuse. The findings also converge with a broader literature suggesting that heightened reactivity to threat may be a shared vulnerability factor for anxiety and alcohol abuse and a novel prevention and intervention target for anxiety-alcohol abuse comorbidity.

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“…The five-item scale has female and male versions. Median internal consistency was good, α = 0.77 (range: 0.68-0.83) and has been associated with fear conditioning in girls [37].…”

Section: Fear Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impact of ADCYAP1R1 genotype on longitudinal fear conditioning in children: interaction with trauma and sex

Jovanović

Stenson

Thompson

et al. 2020

Neuropsychopharmacol.

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Dysregulated fear conditioned responses have been associated with PTSD in adults, with increased fear-potentiated startle (FPS) serving as a potential intermediate phenotype for PTSD risk. This phenotype has also been associated with stress-related ADCYAP1R1 gene variants in adult women. However, FPS and genotype have not yet been examined during development. The aim of this study was to examine developmental changes in fear conditioning, and to see whether these changes were impacted by genotype and trauma. Differential fear conditioning using FPS was tested in n = 63 children ages 8-13 at two visits (V1, V2) 1 year apart. Startle response was measured using electromyograph recordings of the eyeblink muscle. The rs2267735 SNP of the ADCYAP1R1 gene was extracted from genome-wide (GWAS) analyses. Trauma exposure was assessed using the Violence Exposure Scale-Revised (VEX-R). We found significant Visit by Genotype interactions, with CC genotype increasing FPS from V1 to V2. At V2 there was a Genotype by Violence interaction, with higher FPS in the CC vs G allele groups among those with higher violence exposure (F = 17.46, p = 0.0002). Females with the CC genotype had higher FPS compared to G allele females (F = 12.09, p = 0.002); there were no effects of genotype in males. This study showed Gene × Environment × Development and Gene × Sex effects of ADCYAP1R1 in a high-risk pediatric population. Those with the CC genotype and high levels of violence exposure, as well as females with the CC genotype, showed the greatest conditioned fear responses in adolescence.

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Pubertal development and anxiety risk independently relate to startle habituation during fear conditioning in 8–14 year‐old females

Cited by 13 publications

References 91 publications

Identifying characteristics of non-completers in fear conditioning paradigms with children and adolescents

Identifying characteristics of non-completers in fear conditioning paradigms with children and adolescents

Impact of anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use on error-related brain activity

Impact of ADCYAP1R1 genotype on longitudinal fear conditioning in children: interaction with trauma and sex

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