Establishment of reference values for complete blood count and blood gases in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)

Abstract

Cynomolgus monkeys are closely related to humans phylogenetically, and this has resulted in their widespread use as a preclinical model. Hematological data with regard to these monkeys are thus important. Although reference values for blood components and sex hormones have been established for cynomolgus monkeys, those for arterial blood gases have not. The arterial blood gases quickly reflect respiratory and circulatory dynamics, and are thus useful for animal management and safe general anesthesia and surgical operations. Furthermore, since O2 is transported by RBC, CBC and blood gases are closely related. The present study aimed to establish reference values for arterial blood gases and CBC in cynomolgus monkeys over a wide age range. Blood gases and CBC of arterial blood, collected from 41 female and 21 male anesthetized monkeys, were measured. Age correlated with RBC, HGB and HCT in the CBC. Values differed significantly between males and females in pCO2, CO2 concentration, MCV and MCH. The pH of blood was equivalent to that of humans and pCO2 was more stable, whereas MCV and MCH were lower than those in humans. Erythrocytes were smaller and less pigmented than in other Macaca species. Several relationships between gender and age, and blood gases and CBC were identified in cynomolgus monkeys. In conclusion, these reference values will be useful as markers for veterinary applications and in the care and maintenance of these animals.

Natural History of Aerosol Induced Lassa Fever in Non-Human Primates

“…After aerosol exposure to Lassa virus, variations in venous gases were observed during the clinical and decompensated stages of the disease ( Figure 4 a–e, Figure S6a,b ). Venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreased 17.9% (pCO 2 : Figure 4 a) and total carbon dioxide decreased 9.9% (tCO 2 : Figure 4 b) in non-survivors on DPE 5, which return near baseline levels on DPE 10 [ 33 ]. However, the survivor did not experience decreased venous pCO 2 and tCO 2 levels like non-survivors.…”

Utility of arterial blood gas, CBC, biochemistry and cardiac hormones as evaluation parameters of cardiovascular disease in nonhuman primates

“…However, pCO 2 and ctCO 2 increased in the CVD group ( Table 2 ). It is reasonable to think that the CO 2 levels were abnormal because the observed elevated values are also higher than the reported standard values [ 20 ]. We speculate that this might have been caused by pulmonary circulatory insufficiency, although this is not a clinical symptom, or the accumulation of liquid in the lung, or other unknown mechanisms.…”

“…An auto-analyzer (Rapid Lab 348; Siemens, Berlin, Germany) was used to evaluate blood gas parameters, including pH, pCO 2 , pO 2 , sodium ion (Na + ), potassium ion (K + ), calcium ion (Ca ++ ), HCO 3 , base excess (BE), CO 2 concentration (ctCO 2 ), Ca ++ (7.4) and O 2 saturation (SAT). The corrected HCO 3 (cHCO 3 ) and anion gap were calculated in reference to previous reports [ 15 , 20 ]. CBC values were analyzed using a CBC auto-analyzer (KX-21; SYSMEX, Kobe, Japan).…”

“…In research of cardiovascular systems, nonhuman primates (NHPs) are especially appropriate for the development of the medical sciences [ 1 , 2 , 6 , 26 , 28 ]. The genetics, physiology and anatomy of NHPs are very similar to humans, and NHPs are susceptible to many of the same diseases [ 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 22 ]. However, only partial information for many reference values is available for NHPs, thus medical researchers commonly rely on data from other animals (mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and cats) for use as reference values for humans in their studies.…”

“…The macaques are used for numerous research projects at our institution, including vaccinology, infectious disease, gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and aging studies. Furthermore, this colony is being used in advanced clinical studies from around the world [ 1 , 2 , 6 , 13 , 20 , 26 , 28 ].…”