Validations and psychological properties of a simplified Chinese version of pain anxiety symptoms scale (SC-PASS)

Zhou, Xin; Xu, Ximing; Wang, Fei; Wu, Sui-Yi; Yang, Yilin; Li, Ming; Huang, Jianming; Wei, Xianzhao

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005626

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Consistent with previous studies, patients with the comorbidity of MDD and CP had more pain-related anxiety symptoms than patients in the depression and control groups ( 6 , 30 ). Although previous studies on depression showed that pain-related anxiety can induce pain experience, they did not investigate its accuracy ( 31 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Potential Role of Pain Catastrophic Thinking in Comorbidity Patients of Depression and Chronic Pain

Chen

Xia

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundAlthough comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic pain (CP) has been well-studied, their association with pain catastrophizing is largely elusive. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of pain catastrophizing in patients with a comorbidity.MethodsIn total, 140 participants were included in this study and divided into three groups according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Association for the study of pain (i.e., the comorbidity group: patients with depression with chronic pain, n = 45; depression group: patients with depression without chronic pain, n = 47; and healthy controls: n = 48). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)-24 and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA)-14 were used by professional psychiatrists to evaluate the severity of depression and anxiety. Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were conducted by patients' self-report to assess the symptom severity. The pain intensity numerical rating scale (PI-NRS) was used to assess the pain intensity. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) were used to estimate pain-related negative thinking.ResultsThe results showed that PASS and PCS scores were significantly different among the three groups. Particularly, the scores in the comorbidity group were the highest. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between PCS (including the patients' helplessness, magnification, rumination, and total scores) and the severity of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and pain intensity (P < 0.05). A stepwise regression analysis further demonstrated that the total PCS score, high monthly income level, and BDI score had positive impacts on PASS (P < 0.05). We also found that the total BDI score, disease course ≥1 year, and pain intensity had positive effects on PCS (P < 0.05), whereas years of education (≤ 12 years) had a negative effect on PCS (P = 0.012). In all, we have clearly demonstrated that PCS and PASS could serve as potentially predictive factors in patients suffering from comorbidity of MDD and CP.ConclusionOur results suggested that the pain-related catastrophic thinking and anxiety were more severe in the comorbidity group than in MDD-only group and healthy group. Pain-related catastrophizing thoughts and anxiety may have potentially effects on the comorbidity of depression and chronic pain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Potential Role of Pain Catastrophic Thinking in Comorbidity Patients of Depression and Chronic Pain

Chen

Xia

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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“…However, one shortcoming of conducting pain research in China is the lack of validated questionnaires. To our knowledge, eight pain-related questionnaires have been translated from English into SC which includes, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 26,27 Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, 28,29 the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs, 30,31 McGill Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (McGill), 32,33 the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), 34,35 the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS), 36,37 the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ), 38 and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). 39 Although a Traditional Chinese version of PCS 20 was created in Hong Kong, it was not adopted in Mainland China due to cross-cultural differences between Mandarin and Cantonese.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation and validation of Simplified Chinese version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in chronic pain patients: Education may matter

Shen

Abdullah

et al. 2018

Mol Pain

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ObjectivePain catastrophizing is linked to many aspects of pain perception and defines a unique dimension in predicting pain intensity and physical disability. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is an effective, validated,self-report measure, commonly used in clinical trials. Here, we present a Simplified Chinese PCS (SC-PCS) version developed in Chinese patients suffering from chronic pain.MethodsThe SC-PCS was generated in five steps and tested on an initial patient cohort (N = 30). A convenience sample (N = 200) of in-hospital patients with non-malignant pain lasting for more than 12 weeks were recruited for the study, of which 81 completed 5 additional pain questionnaires. A subset (N = 24) of the patients completed an additional SC-PCS, 10 days after the initial query to assess test–retest validation.ResultsIntra-class correlations coefficient indicated high reproducibility and temporal consistency, (0.97), for the total score. Cronbach’s alpha determined high internal consistency across the SC-PCS total score and its three subscales (0.87, 0.85, 0.62, and 0.65). The SC-PCS total score moderately or weakly (R = −0.2 to 0.49), but significantly, correlated with other measurements, such as pain Visual Analog Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scales, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and education. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the dimensionality of the SC-PCS, which indicated instability of the current three-factor model. However, a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three-factor model had the best goodness-fitting.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the successful translational adaptation from English to Simplified Chinese as well as the reliability and validity of SC-PCS. An important discovery was education level significantly correlated with SC-PCS, identifying a future consideration for other cross-cultural development of self-reported measures.

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“…Considering that chronic low back pain may seriously affect the sleep quality of patients who have been experiencing pain for a long time and may lead to adverse psychological reactions, such as fear avoidance belief, we included the 36-item Short-form Health Survey, 34 Self-rating Anxiety Scale, 35 Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, 36 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 37 Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, 38 Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, 39 , 40 Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, 41 minimal clinically important difference in pain and function, 42 , 43 global perceived effect, 44 , 45 adverse events, and participants’ recommendation levels on the intervention that they received as the secondary outcomes. Details on the outcome measures are presented in Supplement 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Therapeutic Aquatic Exercise vs Physical Therapy Modalities for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain

Peng

Wang

et al. 2022

JAMA Netw Open

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IMPORTANCE Therapeutic aquatic exercise is frequently offered to patients with chronic low back pain, but its long-term benefits are unclear.OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term effects of therapeutic aquatic exercise on people with chronic low back pain. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis 3-month, single-blind randomized clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up period was performed from September 10, 2018, to March 12, 2019, and the trial follow-up was completed March 17, 2020. A total of 113 people with chronic low back pain were included in the experiment. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to either the therapeutic aquatic exercise or the physical therapy modalities group. The therapeutic aquatic exercise group received aquatic exercise, whereas the physical therapy modalities group received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and infrared ray thermal therapy. Both interventions were performed for 60 minutes twice a week for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was disability level, which was measured using the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating more severe disability. Secondary outcomes included pain intensity, quality of life, sleep quality, recommendation of intervention, and minimal clinically important difference. Intention-totreat and per-protocol analyses were performed. RESULTSOf the 113 participants, 59 were women (52.2%) (mean [SD] age, 31.0 [11.5] years).Participants were randomly allocated into the therapeutic aquatic exercise group (n = 56) or the physical therapy modalities group (n = 57), and 98 patients (86.7%) completed the 12-month follow-up. Compared with the physical therapy modalities group, the therapeutic aquatic exercise group showed greater alleviation of disability, with adjusted mean group differences of −1.77 (95% CI, −3.02 to −0.51; P = .006) after the 3-month intervention, −2.42 (95% CI, −4.13 to −0.70; P = .006) at the 6-month follow-up, and −3.61 (95% CI, −5.63 to −1.58; P = .001) at the 12-month follow-up (P < .001 for overall group × time interaction). At the 12-month follow-up point, improvements were significantly greater in the therapeutic aquatic exercise group vs the physical therapy modalities group in the number of participants who met the minimal clinically important difference in pain (at least a 2-point improvement on the numeric rating scale) (most severe pain, 30 [53.57%] vs 12 [21.05%]; average pain, 14 [25%] vs 11 [19.30%]; and current pain, 22 [39.29%] vs 10 [17.54%]) and disability (at least a 5-point improvement on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) (26 (continued) Key Points Question Is therapeutic aquatic exercise as effective as physical therapy modalities in the management of adults with chronic low back pain? Findings In this randomized clinical trial of 113 individuals with chronic low back pain, therapeutic aquatic exercise had a greater influence on pain, function, quality of life, sleep quality, and mental state than physical therapy modalities a...

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Validations and psychological properties of a simplified Chinese version of pain anxiety symptoms scale (SC-PASS)

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Potential Role of Pain Catastrophic Thinking in Comorbidity Patients of Depression and Chronic Pain

Potential Role of Pain Catastrophic Thinking in Comorbidity Patients of Depression and Chronic Pain

Translation and validation of Simplified Chinese version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in chronic pain patients: Education may matter

Efficacy of Therapeutic Aquatic Exercise vs Physical Therapy Modalities for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain

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