Oral microbe-host interactions: influence of β-glucans on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and metabolome profile

Abstract

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-glucan on the expression of inflammatory mediators and metabolomic profile of oral cells [keratinocytes (OBA-9) and fibroblasts (HGF-1) in a dual-chamber model] infected by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The periodontopathogen was applied and allowed to cross the top layer of cells (OBA-9) to reach the bottom layer of cells (HGF-1) and induce the synthesis of immune factors and cytokines in the host cells. β-glucan (10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL) were added, and the transcriptional factors and metabolites produced were quantified in the remaining cell layers and supernatant.ResultsThe relative expression of interleukin (IL)-1-α and IL-18 genes in HGF-1 decreased with 10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL of β-glucan, where as the expression of PTGS-2 decreased only with 10 μg/mL. The expression of IL-1-α increased with 20 μg/mL and that of IL-18 increased with 10 μg/mL in OBA-9; the expression of BCL 2, EP 300, and PTGS-2 decreased with the higher dose of β-glucan. The production of the metabolite 4-aminobutyric acid presented lower concentrations under 20 μg/mL, whereas the concentrations of 2-deoxytetronic acid NIST and oxalic acid decreased at both concentrations used. Acetophenone, benzoic acid, and pinitol presented reduced concentrations only when treated with 10 μg/mL of β-glucan.ConclusionsTreatment with β-glucans positively modulated the immune response and production of metabolites.

Urinary volatile metabolites of amygdala-kindled mice reveal novel biomarkers associated with temporal lobe epilepsy

“…This suggests that epileptic seizures also induced other metabolic changes.

Figure 5Metabolic networks ( A , B ) and representative physiological systems (C and D) containing the VOCs associated to kindled seizures. Transsulfation 30,32,35 , methionine-homocystaine cycle 38,39,61 , and histidine degradation 42,43 ( A ); fatty acid beta-oxidation networks and glycolysis 28,29,45,46 ( B ); epilepsy and anxiety 49,51,52,54 ( C ); and pheromones 34,50,56 ( D ). Abbreviations: 2-acetyl-pyrroline, 2AP; 5-formiminotetrahydrofolate, 5-formimino-THF; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-MTHF, aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1, ALDHTA1; betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, BADH; cytochrome C oxidase subunit II, COX-2; 3,4-dehydro- exo -brevicomin, DEB; disulfide, dimethyl, DSDM; dimethyl trisulfide, DMTS; formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase, FTCD; gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA; glutamate decarboxylase, GAD; hydrogen sulfide, H 2 S; histidine ammonia-lyase, HAL; phosphatidylcholine, PC; trimethylamine, TMA; 2,3,5-trithiahexane, TTH; vitamin B6, vB6.

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<i>In Vivo</i> Antifungal Activity of Monolaurin against <i>Candida albicans</i> Biofilms

“…Natural products present as potential alternative therapeutic options for several infectious diseases, as antimicrobial agents. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate) is a natural compound that is commonly found in coconut oil, 13) which is also considered Generally Recognized as Safe 14) (GRAS) for use in the food industry by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15) Recent studies have shown monolaurin to have broad bioactivity; for example as antibacterial properties.…”

Effects of Monolaurin on Oral Microbe–Host Transcriptome and Metabolome

“…A dual-chamber, oral cell/bacteria co-culture was used to investigate the immunological effects of monolaurin ( Silva et al, 2017 ). HGF-1 cells (1 × 10 5 ) were seed in the basal chamber of a 24-well plate.…”

“…DMEM (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, United States) with 10% FBS (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, United States) was used for the medium. The plates were incubated at 37°C in humid air containing 5% CO 2 for 24 h ( Silva et al, 2017 ). Trans Epithelial Electric Resistance (TEER) of each cell layer was measured with a Millicell-ERS Volt-Ohm Meter (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States).…”

“…Samples for metabolome analysis were treated as described by Silva et al (2017) and analyzed at the West Coast Metabolomics Center (UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, United States) by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Agilent 6890, Santa Clara, CA/Leco Pegasus IV, St. Joseph, MI, United States). Then, the metabolites were compared with the standard library for proper identification ( Fiehn and Kind, 2007 ).…”