“…To address these considerations, a new approach to recombinant protein production for therapeutic biologic products may be needed. Looking to other industries for inspiration, the production of industrial enzymes has many similarities to the production of therapeutic proteins, but is dominated by processes that generate metric tons of material per batch at significantly lower cost (Singhania, Patel, & Pandey, ), as low as $2–10 per kilogram (Ellilä et al, ). These processes are built around microbial host organisms which grow quickly and robustly in fermenters up to 300,000 L in volume, with titers as high as 100 g/L for some enzymes (Cherry & Fidantsef, ).…”