Sleepy Punishers Are Harsh Punishers

Cho, Kyoungmin; Barnes, Christopher M.; Guanara, Cristiano L.

doi:10.1177/0956797616678437

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Sleep is a fundamental biological need that impacts cognition and behavior [ 1 – 4 ], with specific effects on the regulation of mood [ 5 ], attention [ 6 – 9 ], memory [ 10 ], and emotion [ 11 , 12 ]. Transient episodes of sleep deprivation are associated with a variety of functional deficits [ 13 , 14 ], and chronic sleep loss may have an even more adverse and sustained impact on health, mood, and behavior over time [ 15 – 18 ]. While many laboratory studies have examined the impact of acute sleep deprivation (> 24 hours) on vigilance and cognitive performance, much less is known about real-world sleep variability and how it might affect fluctuations in behavior and performance over time [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in compliance and agreement for sleep logs and wrist actigraphy: A longitudinal study of naturalistic sleep in healthy adults

et al. 2018

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There is extensive laboratory research studying the effects of acute sleep deprivation on biological and cognitive functions, yet much less is known about naturalistic patterns of sleep loss and the potential impact on daily or weekly functioning of an individual. Longitudinal studies are needed to advance our understanding of relationships between naturalistic sleep and fluctuations in human health and performance, but it is first necessary to understand the efficacy of current tools for long-term sleep monitoring. The present study used wrist actigraphy and sleep log diaries to obtain daily measurements of sleep from 30 healthy adults for up to 16 consecutive weeks. We used non-parametric Bland-Altman analysis and correlation coefficients to calculate agreement between subjectively and objectively measured variables including sleep onset time, sleep offset time, sleep onset latency, number of awakenings, the amount of wake time after sleep onset, and total sleep time. We also examined compliance data on the submission of daily sleep logs according to the experimental protocol. Overall, we found strong agreement for sleep onset and sleep offset times, but relatively poor agreement for variables related to wakefulness including sleep onset latency, awakenings, and wake after sleep onset. Compliance tended to decrease significantly over time according to a linear function, but there were substantial individual differences in overall compliance rates. There were also individual differences in agreement that could be explained, in part, by differences in compliance. Individuals who were consistently more compliant over time also tended to show the best agreement and lower scores on behavioral avoidance scale (BIS). Our results provide evidence for convergent validity in measuring sleep onset and sleep offset with wrist actigraphy and sleep logs, and we conclude by proposing an analysis method to mitigate the impact of non-compliance and measurement errors when the two methods provide discrepant estimates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in compliance and agreement for sleep logs and wrist actigraphy: A longitudinal study of naturalistic sleep in healthy adults

et al. 2018

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“…The second control analysis examined whether donation amounts varied in the weeks surrounding the transition back to standard time (ST) in the fall, a time when sleep duration is not curtailed. Of note, since the opportunity to gain an extra hour of sleep may not always be taken (in contrast to the nonnegotiable imposed loss of sleep opportunity caused by the transition to DST), the transition to ST has consistently been weaker or nonsignificant in terms of demonstrating a beneficial sleep effect [ 41 , 44 ]. Likewise, the week of ST transition did not significantly change mean donation amounts, relative to any other week during that time ( β = −0.03 ± 0.04, P > 0.4, see Fig 3C ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…transition to DST), the transition to ST has consistently been weaker or nonsignificant in terms of demonstrating a beneficial sleep effect [41,44]. Likewise, the week of ST transition did not significantly change mean donation amounts, relative to any other week during that time (β = −0.03 ± 0.04, P > 0.4, see Fig 3C).…”

Section: Plos Biologymentioning

confidence: 86%

Sleep loss leads to the withdrawal of human helping across individuals, groups, and large-scale societies

et al. 2022

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Humans help each other. This fundamental feature of homo sapiens has been one of the most powerful forces sculpting the advent of modern civilizations. But what determines whether humans choose to help one another? Across 3 replicating studies, here, we demonstrate that sleep loss represents one previously unrecognized factor dictating whether humans choose to help each other, observed at 3 different scales (within individuals, across individuals, and across societies). First, at an individual level, 1 night of sleep loss triggers the withdrawal of help from one individual to another. Moreover, fMRI findings revealed that the withdrawal of human helping is associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality. Second, at a group level, ecological night-to-night reductions in sleep across several nights predict corresponding next-day reductions in the choice to help others during day-to-day interactions. Third, at a large-scale national level, we demonstrate that 1 h of lost sleep opportunity, inflicted by the transition to Daylight Saving Time, reduces real-world altruistic helping through the act of donation giving, established through the analysis of over 3 million charitable donations. Therefore, inadequate sleep represents a significant influential force determining whether humans choose to help one another, observable across micro- and macroscopic levels of civilized interaction. The implications of this effect may be non-trivial when considering the essentiality of human helping in the maintenance of cooperative, civil society, combined with the reported decline in sufficient sleep in many first-world nations.

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“…Legal decisions are also known to be compromised by racial biases (Eren & Mocan, 2018;Hunt, 2015;Mitchell et al, 2005;Sommers & Marotta, 2014). Also, Cho et al (2017) even found that sentences rendered in US federal courts on "sleepy Monday" (the first Monday after the spring shift to daylight saving time in the US) were more punitive than those dispensed on comparison Mondays (but see Spamann, 2018, for a critique of this study).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

‘So Help Me God’? Does oath swearing in courtroom scenarios impact trial outcomes?

McKay

Gervais

Davis

2023

British J of Psychology

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In countries such as Britain and the US, court witnesses must declare they will provide truthful evidence and are often compelled to publicly choose between religious (“oath”) and secular (“affirmation”) versions of this declaration. Might defendants who opt to swear an oath enjoy more favourable outcomes than those who choose to affirm? Two preliminary, pre‐registered survey studies using minimal vignettes (Study 1, N = 443; Study 2, N = 913) indicated that people associate choice of the oath with credible testimony; and that participants, especially religious participants, discriminate against defendants who affirm. In a third, Registered Report study (Study 3, N = 1821), we used a more elaborate audiovisual mock trial paradigm to better estimate the real‐world influence of declaration choice. Participants were asked to render a verdict for a defendant who either swore or affirmed, and were themselves required to swear or affirm that they would try the defendant in good faith. Overall, the defendant was not considered guiltier when affirming rather than swearing, nor did mock‐juror belief in God moderate this effect. However, jurors who themselves swore an oath did discriminate against the affirming defendant. Exploratory analyses suggest this effect may be driven by authoritarianism, perhaps because high‐authoritarian jurors consider the oath the traditional (and therefore correct) declaration to choose. We discuss the real‐world implications of these findings and conclude the religious oath is an antiquated legal ritual that needs reform.

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Sleepy Punishers Are Harsh Punishers

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Individual differences in compliance and agreement for sleep logs and wrist actigraphy: A longitudinal study of naturalistic sleep in healthy adults

Individual differences in compliance and agreement for sleep logs and wrist actigraphy: A longitudinal study of naturalistic sleep in healthy adults

Sleep loss leads to the withdrawal of human helping across individuals, groups, and large-scale societies

‘So Help Me God’? Does oath swearing in courtroom scenarios impact trial outcomes?

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