Comparative Inactivation of Murine Norovirus and MS2 Bacteriophage by Peracetic Acid and Monochloramine in Municipal Secondary Wastewater Effluent

Abstract

Chlorination has long been used for disinfection of municipal wastewater (MWW) effluent while the use peracetic acid (PAA) has been proposed more recently in the United States. Previous work has demonstrated the bactericidal effectiveness of PAA and monochloramine in wastewater, but limited information is available for viruses, especially ones of mammalian origin (e.g., norovirus). Therefore, a comparative assessment was performed of the virucidal efficacy of PAA and monochloramine against murine norovirus (MNV) and MS2 bacteriophage in secondary effluent MWW and phosphate buffer (PB). A suite of inactivation kinetic models was fit to the viral inactivation data. Predicted concentration-time (CT) values for 1-log MS2 reduction by PAA and monochloramine in MWW were 1254 and 1228 mg-min/L, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 3-log model predicted CT values for MNV viral reduction in MWW were 32, 47, and 69 mg-min/L for PAA and 6, 13, and 28 mg-min/L for monochloramine, respectively. Wastewater treatment plant disinfection practices informed by MS2 inactivation data will likely be protective for public health but may overestimate CT values for reduction of MNV. Additionally, equivalent CT values in PB resulted in greater viral reduction which indicate that viral inactivation data in laboratory grade water may not be generalizable to MWW applications.

Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

“…Interestingly, with PAA, Dunkin et al. () reported higher reductions with murine norovirus than with coliphages, which highlights the conservativeness of coliphages with respect to some viruses and suggests that further work is needed to evaluate indicator susceptibility versus pathogen susceptibility.…”

“…For example, PAA does not form chlorinated disinfection byproducts, it does not increase the salt burden on freshwater receiving streams, it breaks down into a biodegradable carbon source, and it increases the dissolved oxygen content of the water. Interestingly, with PAA, Dunkin et al (2017) reported higher reductions with murine norovirus than with coliphages, which highlights the conservativeness of coliphages with respect to some viruses and suggests that further work is needed to evaluate indicator susceptibility versus pathogen susceptibility. Figure 1 includes seasonal enteric virus influent data over the course of 1 year for WRRFs G, H, and I.…”

“…Based on fixedintercept linear models fitted to the data, enterococci were the most sensitive to chloramines followed by E. coli, somatic coliphages, and male-specific coliphages. Previous work has shown the relative resistance of coliphage to combined chlorine (Dunkin et al, 2017;Sobsey, Battigelli, Shin, & Newland, 1998;Tyrrell, Rippey, & Watkins, 1995). The relative resistance of viral indicators to chloramines is problematic, because many WRRFs in the United States use this form of disinfection.…”

Inactivation of Human Norovirus Genogroups I and II and Surrogates by Free Chlorine in Postharvest Leafy Green Wash Water

“…Moreover, viral inactivation data generated in buffer or laboratory-grade water (LGW) likely is not generalizable to more complex leafy green wash waters. Previous studies have reported that inactivation of viruses can vary between complex environmental water matrices and LGW (18)(19)(20), with researchers hypothesizing that turbidity in complex environmental waters protect virions from disinfectants (21) via shielding, adsorption, or enhanced aggregation (22). Thus, there is a need for more information on the effectiveness of FC against viruses in leafy green wash water.…”

Microbial transmission in an outpatient clinic and impact of an intervention with an ethanol-based disinfectant

“…[20][21][22] The MS2 bacteriophage has been shown to be an appropriate surrogate for both transmission of pathogenic viruses and susceptibility of more resistant viruses to disinfectants. [23][24][25] The outpatient clinic tracer study was reviewed and approved by the University of Arizona institutional review board.…”