Integration of recent evidence into management of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy: hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress and beyond

“…Maintenance of euglycaemia cannot completely prevent complications of diabetes; it may be difficult to achieve long term, may at some point be deleterious [74] and there is a clear point of no return. Thus, it is clearly important to understand the diabetes-induced changes in the neurovascular unit, develop reliable surrogates for predicting the different clinical courses and stratify the treatment accordingly.…”

The SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Significantly Improves the Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…DM is a major clinical risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, leading to an increased occurrence of cardiovascular complications (13). A meta-analysis showed that intensive glucose-lowering therapies were markedly effective at reducing the rate of myocardial infarction and coronary heart diseases (27).…”

“…T2DM is considered a strong, major clinical risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (13). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a significant and independent predictor of future cardiovascular events (14,15).…”

Updates on cardiovascular outcome trials in diabetes

“…Therefore, several trials on CVO are currently running and will be completed in 2019 (DECLARE-TIMI—dapagliflozin and VERTIS—ertugliflozin) to add new information on further agents to the results obtained in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study and the CANVAS program. With regard of the new CVOT results, empagliflozin, liraglutide and semaglutide remain the preferred second- and third-line medication in patients with T2DM adding canagliflozin as an additional option [46]. …”