28. G. Hinze: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der farblosen Schwefelbakterien

doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1913.tb05409.x

Cited by 25 publications

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“…Ca . Thiovulum is a large [up to ~50 µm across ( 5 , 67 , 68 )] sulfur-oxidizing bacterium affiliated to the Campylobacteria (formerly Epsilonproteobacteria) but does not encode Bbp. Interestingly, Achromatium , a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria (order Chromatiales), is relatively closely affiliated to the Bbp-encoding sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, occurs in similar environments, both freshwater and marine ( 69 ), but does not seem to encode Bbp either.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Candidatus Thiovulum and Achromatium grow as individual cells, sulfur-oxidizing Beggiatoa , Thioploca, Thiothrix, and sulfate-reducing Desulfonema grow as large filaments, and Ca . Thiomargarita may form loose cell chains, all displaying individual cell sizes up to tens of micrometers ( 5 – 10 ). Giant bacteria show large variations in morphologies and size; bacteria with cells that are larger on only one axis or form assemblages (e.g., filaments or cell clusters) have also been called “pseudo-giant” bacteria ( 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indications for a genetic basis for big bacteria and description of the giant cable bacterium Candidatus Electrothrix gigas sp. nov.

Geelhoed,

Thorup,

Bjerg

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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Bacterial cells can vary greatly in size, from a few hundred nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in diameter. Filamentous cable bacteria also display substantial size differences, with filament diameters ranging from 0.4 to 8 µm. We analyzed the genomes of cable bacterium filaments from 11 coastal environments of which the resulting 23 new genomes represent 10 novel species-level clades of Candidatus Electrothrix and two clades that putatively represent novel genus-level diversity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a species-level probe showed that large-sized cable bacteria belong to a novel species with the proposed name Ca . Electrothrix gigas. Comparative genome analysis suggests genes that play a role in the construction or functioning of large cable bacteria cells: the genomes of Ca . Electrothrix gigas encode a novel actin-like protein as well as a species-specific gene cluster encoding four putative pilin proteins and a putative type II secretion platform protein, which are not present in other cable bacteria. The novel actin-like protein was also found in a number of other giant bacteria, suggesting there could be a genetic basis for large cell size. This actin-like protein (denoted big bacteria protein, Bbp) may have a function analogous to other actin proteins in cell structure or intracellular transport. We contend that Bbp may help overcome the challenges of diffusion limitation and/or morphological complexity presented by the large cells of Ca . Electrothrix gigas and other giant bacteria. IMPORTANCE In this study, we substantially expand the known diversity of marine cable bacteria and describe cable bacteria with a large diameter as a novel species with the proposed name Candidatus Electrothrix gigas. In the genomes of this species, we identified a gene that encodes a novel actin-like protein [denoted big bacteria protein (Bbp)]. The bbp gene was also found in a number of other giant bacteria, predominantly affiliated to Desulfobacterota and Gammaproteobacteria, indicating that there may be a genetic basis for large cell size. Thus far, mostly structural adaptations of giant bacteria, vacuoles, and other inclusions or organelles have been observed, which are employed to overcome nutrient diffusion limitation in their environment. In analogy to other actin proteins, Bbp could fulfill a structural role in the cell or potentially facilitate intracellular transport.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indications for a genetic basis for big bacteria and description of the giant cable bacterium Candidatus Electrothrix gigas sp. nov.

Geelhoed,

Thorup,

Bjerg

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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Road Map of the PhylumCampylobacterota

Waite

Chuvochina

Hugenholtz

2019

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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The Campylobacterota is a novel phylum created from the reclassification of the proteobacterial class Epsilonproteobacteria and order Desulfurellales ( Deltaproteobacteria ). The phylum is organized according to phylogenies based on a concatenated alignment of 120 conserved protein marker sequences and the 16S rRNA gene. Like any phylogenetic inference, this road map is a hypothesis based on the data available at the time of writing and may be subject to change as new species are described, or other gene sequences considered. This road map incorporates relative evolutionary divergence to normalize subordinate ranks. It, therefore, includes a number of changes at the rank of order, family, and genus, which would otherwise not be affected by the merging of the former lineages.

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Thiovulum

Robertson

Kuenen

Paster³

et al. 2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Thi.o' vu.lum . Gr. n. thios sulfur; L. n. ovum egg; M.L. neut. dim. n. Thiovulum small sulfur egg. Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Helicobacteraceae / Thiovulum Cells are round to ovoid, 5–25 μm in diameter. Cytoplasm is often concentrated at one end of the cell , with the remaining space being occupied by a large vacuole. Cytoplasm normally contains orthorhombic sulfur inclusions , which are generally concentrated at one end and often almost filling cells completely (Figure 1). The amount of sulfur present in the cells varies with the H 2 S supply, and cells may be temporarily fully devoid of sulfur inclusions. The number of greenish bodies ( up to 5 μm in diameter ), thought to be storage material , increases with decreasing numbers of sulfur globules (Hinze, 1913). Cells are rapidly motile by peritrichous flagella (Figure 2; de Boer et al., 1961). Swimming velocity of over 600 μm s ‐ 1 , some of the highest recorded in the bacterial world (Garcia‐Pichel, 1989). Forward movement is accompanied by rotation around the long axis. Unlike most motile bacteria, Thiovulum cells do swim backwards or tumble. Cells possess a fibrillar, or antapical organelle at the posterior end of the cell. Its function is to secrete a slime stalk or thread (Figure 2) which is used by cells to attach to solid surfaces. No resting stages are known. Type species : Thiovulum majus Hinze 1913, 195.

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28. G. Hinze: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der farblosen Schwefelbakterien

Cited by 25 publications

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Indications for a genetic basis for big bacteria and description of the giant cable bacterium Candidatus Electrothrix gigas sp. nov.

Indications for a genetic basis for big bacteria and description of the giant cable bacterium Candidatus Electrothrix gigas sp. nov.

Road Map of the PhylumCampylobacterota

Thiovulum

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