28. Chitinozoans

Paris, Florentin; Achab, A.; Asselin, Esther; Chen, Xiaohong; Grahn, Yngve; Nõlvak, Jaak; Обут, О Т; Samuelsson, Joakim; Sennikov, Nikolai; Vecoli, Marco; Verniers, Jacques; Winchester-Seeto, Theresa

doi:10.7312/webb12678-029

Cited by 32 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…A global chitinozoan biostratigraphic scheme has been proposed for the Devonian, which is integrated 159 with a regional scheme for Western Gondwana (Grahn 2005; Paris et al 2000). Similarly to other 160 fossil groups, however there is a significant degree of endemism in South America (Troth 2006).…”

Section: Hérissé Et Al 2000; Mullins and Servais 2008) 158mentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian–Mississippian glaciations and their global effects

Lakin

Marshall

Troth

et al. 2016

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The latest Devonian to Mississippian interval records the long term transition from 12Devonian Greenhouse conditions into the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA). This transition was 13 punctuated by three short glaciation events in the latest Famennian, mid Tournaisian and Viséan 14 stages respectively. Primary evidence for glaciation is based on diamictite deposits and striated 15 pavements in South America, Appalachia and Africa. The aim of this review is to assess the primary 16 biostratigraphical and sedimentological data constraining diamictite deposits through this transition. 17These data are then compared to the wider record of eustasy, mass extinction and isotope stratigraphy 18 in the lower palaeolatitudes. Precise age determinations are vital to integrate high and low 19 palaeolatitude datasets and to understand the glacial control on wider global changes. Palynological 20 techniques currently provide the best biostratigraphic tool to date these glacial deposits and to 21 correlate the effects of glaciation globally. This review highlights a high degree of uncertainty in the 22 known history of early LPIA glaciation as much of the primary stratigraphic data is limited and/or 23 unpublished. Future high-resolution stratigraphic studies are needed to constrain the history of 24 glaciation both spatially and temporally through the latest Devonian and Mississippian. 25 --26The latest Devonian to Mississippian time period saw the onset of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age 27 (LPIA), marked by three short "precursor" glaciations in the latest Famennian, mid Tournaisian and 28Viséan respectively (Caputo et al. 2008; Montañez & Poulson 2010). In contrast, the earlier 29Devonian Period had globally warm climates, high sea levels and widespread reef complexes at 30 median palaeolatitudes (Copper 2002; Joachimski et al. 2009). The latest Devonian and 31Mississippian therefore record a transitionary period between these two first-order climate modes, 32 which was characterised by at least three distinct glacial episodes and long-term declining 33 atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (Berner 2006). Within this transitionary period are global oceanic 34 anoxic events associated with mass extinction, eustatic changes and isotopic excursions that 35 approximately coincide with the glaciations in the latest Famennian and mid Tournaisian (Caplan & 36 Bustin 1999; House 2002; Kaiser et al. 2007Kaiser et al. , 2008 Kaiser et al. , 2011 Kaiser et al. , 2015McGhee 2013; Sallan & 37 Coates 2010; Saltzman 2002;Streel 1986;Yao et al. 2015;). 38Evidence for LPIA glaciation in Gondwana is based on diamictite deposits and striated pavements in 39 both South America and Africa (Caputo et al. 2008;Isaacson et al. 2008). Recent work describing 40 latest Devonian diamictites in Appalachia also provides evidence for an additional glacial centre in 41 the low palaeolatitudes of Euramerica (Brezinski et al. 2008;. The precise age of these glacial 42 deposits is crucial in understanding the relationship between LPIA glaciation and it...

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Section: Hérissé Et Al 2000; Mullins and Servais 2008) 158mentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian–Mississippian glaciations and their global effects

Lakin

Marshall

Troth

et al. 2016

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“…It is interesting that the graptolite disparity increase is similar to the diversity increases of some other fossil groups. Paris et al (2004) suggested that there was an initial major radiation of chitinozoans, which were similar to graptoloids in life mode. The Tremadocian was also an important interval of faunal radiation in other fossil groups.…”

Section: Evolutionary Radiation Of the Anisograptid Fauna: The Beginnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ordovician graptolite evolutionary radiation: a review

2006

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Based on the global graptolite genera and higher rank taxa, we propose three radiation stages through the Ordovician. The isograptid type of development is present within anisograptids predominating in the Tremadocian. Thus, the evolutionary radiation of the Anisograptid fauna from Tremadocian is proposed as the beginning of the Ordovician graptolite radiation. The second graptolite radiation event is the radiation of the Dichograptid fauna, which began from the T. fruticosus Biozone. The third radiation event, the radiation of Diplograptid fauna began immediately after that of the dichograptids. This radiation includes the peak in total diversity of all the Ordovician graptoloids in the Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone. The radiation extended through the Sandbian and Katian and then was interrupted by a major extinction during the early Hirnantian. Thus, the Ordovician graptolite radiation events coincide with those of the three graptolite faunas proposed by Bulman. The distribution and expansion of the Ordovician graptolites in South China may exemplify the graptolite origination pattern, which begins from the slope belt and expanded into both the shelf and oceanic zones.

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“…The values of the biodiversity of the chitinozoan at species level are from the database 'CHITINOVOSP' of F. Paris. Ordovician chitinozoans (Paris et al 2004), one of the critical points when elaborating such curves is the unbalanced quality of the available data; for instance, some time slices and some areas have been more extensively investigated than others (e.g. the diversity curve tends to mirror the number of available samples; see Paris et al 2004, fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…1). Until their extinction in latest Devonian times, the chitinozoan group survived several biodiversity crises: in the early Late Ordovician (Paris et al 2004), late Hirnantian, late Wenlock, earliest Emsian, and in the latest Frasnian (Kellwasser event). The general trend through time is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence, biodiversification and extinction of the chitinozoan group

Grahn

Paris

2010

Geol. Mag.

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Chitinozoans are considered as reproductive bodies of marine invertebrates, called chitinozoophorans. These chitinozoophorans were most likely to have been small, pelagic or nectopelagic, soft-bodied, probably wormlike animals, and judging from the size of chitinozoans, they probably measured from a few millimetres to a few centimetres in length. The chitinozoophorans most likely survived by grazing on phytoplankton. There is no evidence of a large colonization of the pelagic niche in the Cambrian, but from the Early Ordovician onward, this niche was exploited chiefly by graptolites and chitinozoophorans. Both groups inhabited nearshore and offshore habitats, but in contrast to the graptolites, the chitinozoans displayed their highest diversity at high latitude, in less distal (that is, upper and lower offshore) environments. The chitinozoan group evolved rapidly during the Ordovician and reached its maximum Ordovician diversity in the late Darriwilian. From the first occurrence of chitinozoans in early Tremadocian times, to the biodiversity crisis in latest Ordovician times, nearly 80 % of the morphological innovations took place. Until their extinction in the latest Devonian, chitinozoans survived through several biodiversity crises: in the early Late Ordovician, late Hirnantian, late Wenlock, earliest Emsian, and in the latest Frasnian (Kellwasser event). During the melting of the Hirnantian ice sheet, most Ordovician genera and species became extinct, but some genera extended beyond the boundary (e.g. Spinachitina, Belonechitina, Cyathochitina, Ancyrochitina). The Hirnantian glaciation was not directly responsible for the dramatic extinction of organic-walled microfossils, but it certainly accelerated the extinction of lineages that had already been weakened since the early to mid-Katian. The late Wenlock and earliest Emsian graptolite crises affected the chitinozoophorans to a lesser degree, and the latest Frasnian Kellwasser event did not greatly affect chitinozoophorans. The disappearance of the chitinozoan group at the end of the Famennian resulted from a combination of factors, for example, the chitinozoophorans probably no longer had the genetic potential for successful adaptations to successive drastic environmental changes (only one species is known from the latest Famennian), their usual niche was invaded by more efficient groups, and their usual food supply disappeared or was no longer sufficient. The latter factor is supported by the contemporaneous decline in phytoplankton.

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28. Chitinozoans

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian–Mississippian glaciations and their global effects

Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian–Mississippian glaciations and their global effects

Ordovician graptolite evolutionary radiation: a review

Emergence, biodiversification and extinction of the chitinozoan group

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