Separation and Sensitive Detection of Lanthanides by Capillary Electrophoresis and Contactless Conductivity Detection

Abstract

A rapid and sensitive capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous separation and determination of lanthanide ions, combined with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D), is reported. The influence of experimental parameters on separation was investigated. The optimal separation conditions were obtained when 4.5 mM 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 1 mM acetic acid (HAc) at pH 4.5 were used as buffer solution. Under these conditions, complete separation of all 14 lanthanide ions was achieved in 6 min. With the use of the C4D detector, the sensitive detection of non-UV active lanthanide ions was achieved without the need of a UV active ligand or a visualization agent. The sensitivities were further enhanced with a sample stacking procedure. The limits of detection were to be found between 2.77 and 8.26 nmol/L and the limits of quantification were between 9.29 and 27.5 nmol/L for 14 lanthanide ions.

Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2016–2018)

“…A rapid and sensitive FASI method for the simultaneous separation and determination of lanthanide ions was reported by Yelkenci et al. . Optimum separation conditions for 14 lanthanides were obtained with a BGE containing 4.5 mM 2‐hydroxyisobutyric acid and 1 mM HAc at pH 4.5, which provided C 4 D‐LODs between 2.77 and 8.26 nM and LOQs between 9.29 and 27.5 nM.…”

A compact and high-performance setup of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D)

“…There are several articles on the fundamental principles [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] of C 4 D and many reviews about the applications [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] of CE-C 4 D; Kubáň and Hauser have compiled a series of bi-yearly reviews on the developments of C 4 D dating back to 2009. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] It has been proven that CE-C 4 D is a universal detection method for charged species and a powerful separation technique with high throughput, [30][31][32] short analysis time, [33][34][35] low sample consumption 19,36 and cost-effectiveness. 37-39 C 4 D is basically an electronic circuit, a feature that is beneficial for portable or miniature applications; the micro-CE-C 4 D is a more approachable alternative for routine water quality analysis and on-site analysis.…”

Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Characterization and X-ray Structures of Lanthanide(III) Complexes Derived from 1,5-bis(phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methylene)carbonohydrazide

“…Lanthanide complexes can be used as electroluminescent devices [24,25], structural probes [26] and in immunobiological assays [27]. In addition to their physical properties [28][29][30][31][32], the antimicrobial, antitumor or antioxidant properties of lanthanide complexes have been explored in recent decades [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Our research group explored the chemistry of lanthanide compounds containing carbonohydrazide ligands [42].…”