The Effects of Spacing, Naps, and Fatigue on the Acquisition and Retention of Laparoscopic Skills

Spruit, Edward N.; Band, Guido P. H.; Heijden, Kristiaan B. van der; Hamming, Jaap F.

doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.11.003

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It has long been observed that spaced training can improve learning efficiency compared to massed training for many types of learning behaviors (Cepeda et al, 2008; Litman and Davachi, 2008), however, the extent to which this is true to motor learning has primarily been investigated in human subjects. Results have been mixed, with some studies showing a benefit of spaced training on motor learning (Kwon et al, 2015; Spruit et al, 2017) and some showing no benefit versus massed training (Nadeau et al, 2014; Wiseheart et al, 2017). The effect of spaced versus massed training and has never clearly been formally assessed for standard rodent rotarod learning, let alone motor gist learning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necessity of Sleep for Motor Gist Learning in Mice

et al. 2019

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With respect to behavior, the term memory “consolidation” has canonically been used to describe increased fidelity during testing to a learned behavior shaped during training. While the sleeping brain appears to certainly aid in consolidation by this definition for a variety of memories, including motor memories, growing evidence suggests that sleep allows for much more flexible use of the information encountered during prior wakefulness. Sleep has been shown to augment the extraction of gist or patterns from wake experience in human subjects, but this has been difficult to recapitulate in animal models owing to the semantic requirements in many such tasks. Here we establish a model of motor gist learning in mice in which two bouts of exclusive forward running on the rotarod significantly augments the first experience of exclusive backward running. This augmentation does not occur if sleep is disrupted following the forward running template behavior or if a period of natural wakefulness follows one of the two bouts of exclusive forward running. This suggests that sleep is required for the extraction of the motor gist of forward running to apply to backward running.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necessity of Sleep for Motor Gist Learning in Mice

et al. 2019

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“…Although the benefits of these strategies have mainly focused on improved knowledge acquisition and retention, evidence is growing that they also may be applied to attainment of psychomotor skills. 35,36 Spaced Learning. Repetition is a successful strategy for learning.…”

Section: Optimizing Knowledge Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…154 Distributed practice over time has been used to improve learning of surgical and resuscitative skills. 35,155,156 Both knowledge and skill acquisition are dependent on memory consolidation, and spacing allows this to occur. 157 The repetitive practice of several separate but related skills, as opposed to practicing one skill at a time until "mastery," may also improve the learning of psychomotor skills.…”

Section: Evidence-based Education In Anesthesiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Learners and Luddites in the Twenty-first Century

et al. 2019

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Anesthesiologists are both teachers and learners and alternate between these roles throughout their careers. However, few anesthesiologists have formal training in the methodologies and theories of education. Many anesthesiology educators often teach as they were taught and may not be taking advantage of current evidence in education to guide and optimize the way they teach and learn. This review describes the most up-to-date evidence in education for teaching knowledge, procedural skills, and professionalism. Methods such as active learning, spaced learning, interleaving, retrieval practice, e-learning, experiential learning, and the use of cognitive aids will be described. We made an effort to illustrate the best available evidence supporting educational practices while recognizing the inherent challenges in medical education research. Similar to implementing evidence in clinical practice in an attempt to improve patient outcomes, implementing an evidence-based approach to anesthesiology education may improve learning outcomes.

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“…3,4,12,14,15 the disadvantage that, after prolonged periods of practice, the learner's ability to concentrate diminishes and that detrimental factors such as fatigue and boredom further affect the effectiveness of training. 2,17 This observation is known as reactive inhibition and has been demonstrated to negatively impact the learning of psychomotor skills. 18-21 A short rest of just ve minutes can already drastically attenuate the effect of reactive inhibition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,18,21,22 Research showed that spaced training with breaks offering the opportunity to sleep (i.e., lying in a bed, reduced activity, reduction of visual-auditory input) were more effective than conventional massed training. 17 An alternative explanation for the superior results of spacing is that there is simply more time for psychomotor skills to be cognitively consolidated between training sessions. 3 Regardless of whether rest periods enhance skill acquisition through cognitive consolidation or by reducing reactive inhibition, trainees following spaced training patterns outperformed trainees following massed training despite identical training loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards best practice in developing motor skills: A systematic review on spacing in VR simulator-based psychomotor training for surgical novices

Fahl

Duvivier

Reinke

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objective: Repeated practice, or spacing, can improve various types of skill acquisition. Similarly, virtual reality (VR) simulators have demonstrated their effectiveness in fostering surgical skill acquisition and provide a promising, realistic environment for spaced training. To explore how spacing impacts VR simulator-based acquisition of surgical psychomotor skills, we performed a systematic literature review. Methods: We systematically searched the databases PubMed, PsychINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, ERIC and CINAHL for studies investigating the influence of spacing on the effectiveness of VR simulator training focused on psychomotor skill acquisition in healthcare professionals. We assessed the quality of all included studies using the Medical Education Research Study Quality instrument (MERSQI) and the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias assessment tool. We extracted and aggregated qualitative data regarding spacing interval, psychomotor task performance and several other performance metrics. Results: The searches yielded 1662 unique publications. After screening the titles and abstracts, 53 publications were retained for full text screening and 7 met the inclusion criteria. Spaced training resulted in better performance scores and faster skill acquisition when compared to control groups with a single day (massed) training session. Spacing across consecutive days seemed more effective than shorter or longer spacing intervals. However, the included studies were too heterogeneous in terms of spacing interval, obtained performance metrics and psychomotor skills analysed to allow for a meta-analysis to substantiate our outcomes. Conclusion: Spacing in VR simulator-based surgical training improved skill acquisition when compared to massed training. The overall number and quality of available studies were only moderate, limiting the validity and generalizability of our findings.

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The Effects of Spacing, Naps, and Fatigue on the Acquisition and Retention of Laparoscopic Skills

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Necessity of Sleep for Motor Gist Learning in Mice

Necessity of Sleep for Motor Gist Learning in Mice

Learners and Luddites in the Twenty-first Century

Towards best practice in developing motor skills: A systematic review on spacing in VR simulator-based psychomotor training for surgical novices

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