Influence of Na+ and Ca2+ on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and pyrolysis behavior of cellulose fibers

Shi, Ruizhi; Tan, Liwen; Zong, Lu; Ji, Q.; Li, Ximei; Zhang, Keke; Cheng, Lingling; Xia, Yanzhi

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.034

Cited by 46 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This causes the sample to burn more slowly. Increased piloted time to ignition is the result of reduced pyrolysis rates from the polymer composite with the charred surface layer occurring prior to ignition in order to reach a critical mass loss rate (with a sufficient volatile heat of combustion) for ignition.” All these observations are in agreement with recent reports suggesting fire retardant behavior of nano ZnO and metal ions [15,17]. Figure 3 shows the heat release rate of each sample over the duration of the testing.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Fire Retardant for Polymer Composites

et al. 2019

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The flammability of synthetic thermoplastic polymers has been recognized as an increasingly important safety problem. The goal of this study was to evaluate a green and safe fire-retardant system comprising of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO). CNCs coated with nano ZnO were incorporated in the high-density polyethylene polymer (HDPE) matrix at different concentrations. Fire testing results of different formulations of HDPE containing 0.4 to 1.0% zinc oxide coated CNC exhibited a substantial decrease in the average mass loss, peak heat release rate and total smoke release. The time to ignition exhibited a positive correlation with CNC-ZnO concentration. Modest improvement in the flexural strength and moduli of composites was noticed validating no adverse effects of CNC-ZnO complex. The transmission electron microscopy further confirmed dispersion of nanoparticles as well as the presence of some nanoparticle aggregates in the matrix. The uniform dispersion of CNC-ZnO complex is expected to further improve fire and mechanical properties of polymer.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Fire Retardant for Polymer Composites

et al. 2019

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“…As seen in Figure 6b, Cu 2 O catalyzed the decomposition reaction of the outer layer of CaAlg, in which the release of gas carried off most of the heat and the remaining solid residue formed a dense barrier on the outer layer. The formation of the barrier layer can prevent heat and combustible gas from diffusing into the internal layer [44], greatly reducing the heat release rate and significantly improving the flame retardancy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Chloride in Situ Preparation of Nano-Cuprous Oxide and Its Effect on Heat Resistance and Combustion Properties of Calcium Alginate

Shao

Zhang

et al. 2019

Polymers

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With Cu2+ complexes as precursors, nano-cuprous oxide was prepared on a sodium alginate template excluded of Cl− and based on which the calcium alginate/nano-cuprous oxide hybrid materials were prepared by a Ca2+ crosslinking and freeze-drying process. The thermal degradation and combustion behavior of the materials were studied by related characterization techniques using pure calcium alginate as a comparison. The results show that the weight loss rate, heat release rate, peak heat release rate, total heat release rate and specific extinction area of the hybrid materials were remarkably lower than pure calcium alginate, and the flame-retardant performance was significantly improved. The experimental data indicates that nano-cuprous oxide formed a dense protective layer of copper oxide, calcium carbonate and carbon by lowering the initial degradation temperature of the polysaccharide chain during thermal degradation and catalytically dehydrating to char in the combustion process, and thereby can isolate combustible gases, increase carbon residual rates, and notably reduce heat release and smoke evacuation.

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“…CONE is one of the most effective methods to evaluate the flame-retardant properties of the tested materials through simulating fire conditions in the real world [38,39]. It was used to study the combustion behavior of CAB and CA, as displayed in Figure 5 with related data listed in Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient Flame Retardant Hybrid Composites Based on Calcium Alginate/Nano-Calcium Borate

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2018

Polymers

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Hybrid composites with low flammability based on renewable calcium alginate and nano-calcium borate were fabricated using an in situ method through a simple, eco-friendly vacuum drying process. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion behavior and flammability of the composites were assessed by using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry (CONE) tests. The composites showed excellent thermal stability and achieved nonflammability with an LOI higher than 60. Pyrolysis was investigated using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and the results showed that fewer sorts of cracking products were produced from the hybrid composites compared with the calcium alginate. A possible thermal degradation mechanism of composites was proposed based on the experimental data. The combined results indicate that the calcium borate had a nano-effect, accumulating more freely in the hybrid composites and contributing significantly to both the solid phase and gas phase, resulting in an efficient improvement in the flame retardancy of the composites. Our study provides a novel material with promising potentiality for flame retardant applications.

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Influence of Na+ and Ca2+ on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and pyrolysis behavior of cellulose fibers

Cited by 46 publications

References 43 publications

Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Fire Retardant for Polymer Composites

Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Fire Retardant for Polymer Composites

Non-Chloride in Situ Preparation of Nano-Cuprous Oxide and Its Effect on Heat Resistance and Combustion Properties of Calcium Alginate

Highly Efficient Flame Retardant Hybrid Composites Based on Calcium Alginate/Nano-Calcium Borate

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