The multiple process model of goal-directed reaching revisited

Elliott, Digby; Lyons, James; Hayes, Spencer J.; Burkitt, James J.; Roberts, James W.; Grierson, Lawrence; Hansen, Steve; Bennett, Simon J.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.016

Cited by 104 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…This conjecture is heavily adapted from recent developments to the two-component model of manual goal-directed movements (Elliott et al, 2010;Elliott et al, 2017). That is, while there are two dichotomous components, the anticipation of online sensory feedback can greatly inform the planning process so much so that online control is contingent upon the pre-planned use of sensory information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the effect of state anxiety on compensatory and strategic adjustments in the planning of goal-directed aiming

et al. 2018

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The anxiety-perceptual-motor performance relationship may be enriched by investigations involving discrete manual responses due to the definitive demarcation of planning and control processes, which comprise the early and late portions of movement, respectively. To further examine the explanatory power of self-focus and distraction theories, we explored the potential of anxiety causing changes to movement planning that accommodate for anticipated negative effects in online control. As a result, we posed two hypotheses where anxiety causes performers to initially undershoot the target and enable more time to use visual feedback ("play-it-safe"), or fire a ballistic reach to cover a greater distance without later undertaking online control ("go-for-it"). Participants were tasked with an upper-limb movement to a single target under counter-balanced instructions to execute fast and accurate responses (low/normal anxiety) with non-contingent negative performance feedback (high anxiety). The results indicated that the previously identified negative impact of anxiety in online control was replicated. While anxiety caused a longer displacement to reach peak velocity and greater tendency to overshoot the target, there appeared to be no shift in the attempts to utilise online visual feedback. Thus, the tendency to initially overshoot may manifest from an inefficient auxiliary procedure that manages to uphold overall movement time and response accuracy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the effect of state anxiety on compensatory and strategic adjustments in the planning of goal-directed aiming

et al. 2018

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“…The number of trials per condition in articles with trajectory analysis of goaldirected movements has been inconsistent. We estimated this inconsistency by randomly sampling 13 articles with trajectory analysis from the 127 references in a recent review article on goal-directed reaching movements (Elliott et al, 2017). The minimum number of trials per condition was four (Melmoth, Storoni, Todd, Finlay, & Grant, 2007) and the maximum was 60 (Welsh, Higgins, & Elliott, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Trajectory analysis of discrete goal-directed pointing movements: How many trials are needed for reliable data?

2017

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A powerful tool in motor behavior research is trajectory analysis of discrete goal-directed pointing movements. The purpose of the present analysis was to estimate the minimum number of trials per participant required to achieve the conventional level of reliability for trajectory analysis. We analyzed basic measurements of movement and three common methods of trajectory analysis within the framework of generalizability theory. Generalizability studies were used to decompose the total variance of these variables into the percent contributions from person, trial, and the person-by-trial interaction. Decision studies were then used to determine the minimum number of trials required to achieve the conventional level of reliability. The number of trials per participant needed for reliable data of discrete goal-directed pointing movements depended on the dependent variable-for example, reaction times required six or ten trials, movement times required three trials, and constant error required 47 trials. For trajectory analysis, ten or fewer trials were required for reliable dependent variables during the first half of the movement (up to peak velocity or 70% of the displacement). The number of trials required for the second half of the movement rapidly increased to 47 trials at movement termination. This increase in the number of trials required for reliable analysis of the second half of the movement was indicative of online control. Finally, correlation analysis was performed with simulated correlations on subsets of trials, and all 32 trials were required. However, 18 trials might be used without a practically significant change in the correlations.

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“…More recently, the time and energy minimization model has been forwarded (Elliott et al 2004; see also, Elliott et al 2017), which predominantly agrees with the tenets of the optimized submovement model (e.g., mediating forces, secondary submovement correction). However, it alternatively states that the central tendency of the primary submovement location should come under the target, at least when the spatial variability is deemed to likely exceed the target boundaries (see also , Worringham 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Energy minimization within target-directed aiming: the mediating influence of the number of movements and target size

Roberts

2020

Exp Brain Res

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In target-directed aiming, performers tend to more greatly undershoot targets when aiming down compared to up because they try to avoid an overshoot error and subsequently minimize the time and energy expenditure that is required to suddenly combat gravitational forces. The present study aims to further examine this principle of time and energy minimization by directly mediating the perceived cost of potential errors as well as the likelihood of their occurrence by manipulating the number of movements and target size, respectively. Participants executed rapid aiming movements in the up/down direction as part of a one-/two-target movement towards a small/large target. Primary movement endpoints showed greater undershooting when aiming in the downward compared to upward direction and small compared to large targets. Meanwhile, the overall movement time showed that slower movements were generated for down compared to up, but only when aiming toward large targets. The failure to mediate the central tendency as a function of the number of movements and target size indicates that the feature of minimization is highly prominent within the performers' pre-response planning. However, the continued minimization of energy in the presence of large targets may inadvertently cost the movement time.

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The multiple process model of goal-directed reaching revisited

Cited by 104 publications

References 122 publications

Examining the effect of state anxiety on compensatory and strategic adjustments in the planning of goal-directed aiming

Examining the effect of state anxiety on compensatory and strategic adjustments in the planning of goal-directed aiming

Trajectory analysis of discrete goal-directed pointing movements: How many trials are needed for reliable data?

Energy minimization within target-directed aiming: the mediating influence of the number of movements and target size

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