In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Social Security Act Amendments, establishing Medicare and Medicaid and bringing into law federal financial support for fee-for-service. 1 Fearing that physicians and the American Medical Association would refuse to care for Medicare and Medicaid patients, this law established the precedent of paying physicians based on fees that were "usual, customary, and reasonable." 2 This established fee-for-service as health care's most common and traditional payment model (Fig. 1). 3,4 Unfortunately, over the next several decades, fee-for-service modeling became a large contributor to rising health care costs. In 1973, the Health Maintenance Organization Act was tasked with creating a system that would limit health care providers' ability to maximize the number of procedures performed and focus on preventative care. 5 As a result, large health care systems began to consolidate and experiment with the employment of physicians, offering physicians competitive flat salaries as compensation models. Some of these health maintenance organizations flourished (e.g., Kaiser Permanente), but most did not survive the ever-growing artificial competitive environment. 6