“…Lasers exhibit exceptional characteristics, including tunable color, narrow line width, high intensity, and long coherence length, that have been applied to revolutionize processes in fields such as material processing, medicine, biology, and telecommunications. − In those applications, inorganic compounds, including semiconductors and doped crystals, have generally been used as gain media. , In addition, the resonators have consisted of sensitive optomechanical parts or special reflectors made of metals, dielectrics, or plastics. The gain and cavity materials are usually inelastic, unbendable, and manufactured in processes that often require toxic precursors in vacuum environments at high temperatures. ,− …”