Roles of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling pathways and immune responses to viral infections

Abstract

Several biological processes as well as infectious agents, physiological or environmental stress, and perturbed antioxidant response can promote oxidative stress. Oxidative stress usually happens when cells are exposed to more electrically charged reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as HO or O. ROS are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious. Recent studies have indicated that ROS are deleterious to cells, leading to programmed cell death (PCD) at high concentrations. At low concentrations, however, ROS can act as signaling molecules in a variety of cellular processes. In this review, we present an update of our current understanding of the role and regulation of reactive oxygen species in various viral infections, cellular signaling pathways and immune responses. We then discuss how the antioxidant defense system acts as an antiviral effector to limit cell damage.

Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and bone resorption regulators in apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein–Barr virus

“…) and virus‐induced ROS generation is linked to the activation of different signalling molecules and transcription factors, such as NF‐κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins (STAT1, STAT3), and Janus kinase (JAK2) (Li et al . ). Generation of oxidative stress during viral infection or replication may play a key role in the development and progression of many pathological conditions (Li et al .…”

“…Generation of oxidative stress during viral infection or replication may play a key role in the development and progression of many pathological conditions (Li et al . ).…”

High Amplification of the Antiviral Activity of Curcumin through Transformation into Carbon Quantum Dots

“…It is known that susceptibility to viral infection is modulated by the redox environment . ROS play a central role in the determination of second messengers in a cell to modify various signaling molecules.…”

“…ROS play a central role in the determination of second messengers in a cell to modify various signaling molecules. The EV71‐induced generation of ROS is essential for viral replication in host cells . A previous study suggested that EV71 infection induces mitochondrial ROS generation, which in turn promotes viral replication .…”

Hydroxyl‐ and Halogen‐containing Chalcones for the Inhibition of LPS‐stimulated ROS Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages: Design, Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Study

“…During normal phenomena of catabolism and aerobic respiration, there is a partial reduction of oxygen to form hyperactive radicals such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and peroxyl radical which are grouped as reactive oxygen species (ROS) . The limited dose of these reactive intracellular signals is beneficial in various biological responses in order to maintain homeostasis . However, the overproduction of ROS due to failure in antioxidant defense system are detrimental for cells and tissues as it causes oxidative stress and damage to DNA, proteins, membrane lipids, and lipoproteins .…”