Genetic Correlation between Body Fat Percentage and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Suggests Common Genetic Etiology

Schnurr, Theresia M.; Gjesing, Anette P.; Sandholt, Camilla H.; Jonsson, Anna; Mahendran, Yuvaraj; Have, Christian Theil; Ekstrøm, Claus Thorn; Bjerregaard, Anne-Louise; Brage, Sören; Witte, Daniel R.; Jørgensen, Marit Eika; Aadahl, Mette; Thuesen, Betina Heinsbæk; Linneberg, Allan; Eiberg, Hans; Pedersen, Oluf; Grarup, Niels; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O.; Hansen, Torben

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166738

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Among the commonly employed criteria used for obesity classification, BMI is cheap and convenient. However, BMI is limited to discriminate between fat mass, lean mass, and fat distribution, as BFP does [ 43 , 44 ]. Especially, BMI tends to underestimate obesity prevalence defined by abnormal or excessive body fat accumulation, particularly in overweight individuals [ 45 – 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio misclassification of overweight and obesity in Chinese military personnel

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2020

J Physiol Anthropol

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Background: The rising prevalence of obesity in military personnel has raised great concerns. Previous studies suggest that body mass index (BMI)-and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)-based obesity classifications in US military personnel and firefighters have high false negative and subsequently cause obesity misclassification. Objective: To determine whether BMI and WHR could reflect the fat mass of Chinese military personnel. Methods: Three hundred fifty-three male Chinese military personnel and 380 age-matched male adults were recruited. Obesity classification was defined by BMI, WHR, and body fat percentage (BFP). Results: Chinese military personnel had extremely low obesity rate determined by either BFP (0.3%) or BMI (0.6%). By combining overweight and obese individuals, BMI-and WHR-determined prevalence of overweight/obesity was 22.4% and 17.0% compared to BFP-based standard (4.0%) (P < 0.05). In reference to BFP, BMI and WHR have high false-positive rate compared to the control group. Further analysis showed that Chinese military personnel consisted of high percentage of BFP low BMI high and/or BFP low WHR high subpopulations. Eighty-one percent of BMI high and 78.3% of WHR high of them were BFP low. Conclusions: Chinese military personnel has extremely low obesity rate. BMI and WHR have high false-positive rates in reference to BFP, which cannot accurately reflect the mass of adipose tissue and leads to obesity misclassification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio misclassification of overweight and obesity in Chinese military personnel

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2020

J Physiol Anthropol

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“…When correlated characters have contrasting fitness trajectories in the adaptive landscape, the climb towards the local fitness peak can be restricted, and result in suboptimal fitness of populations (Lande, ). The principles of the multivariate theory of evolution have been successfully applied to many fields, such as animal and plant breeding, multi‐trait artificial selection (Careau, Reale, Humphries, & Thomas, ; Chen et al., ; Kadarmideen, Thompson, Coffey, & Kossaibati, ; Kause, Quinton, Airaksinen, Ruohonen, & Koskela, ; Weigel, VanRaden, Norman, & Grosu, ) and epidemiology (Bulik‐Sullivan et al., ; Gratten & Visscher, ; Hammerschlag et al., ; Lee, Yang, Goddard, Visscher, & Wray, ; Sanchez‐Guillen, Wellenreuther, & Cordero Rivera, ; Schnurr et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐inheritance of sea age at maturity and iteroparity in the Atlantic salmon vgll3 genomic region

Aykanat

Ozerov

Vähä

et al. 2019

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Co-inheritance in life-history traits may result in unpredictable evolutionary trajectories if not accounted for in life-history models. Iteroparity (the reproductive strategy of reproducing more than once) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a fitness trait with substantial variation within and among populations. In the Teno River in northern Europe, iteroparous individuals constitute an important component of many populations and have experienced a sharp increase in abundance in the last 20 years, partly overlapping with a general decrease in age structure. The physiological basis of iteroparity bears similarities to that of age at first maturity, another life-history trait with substantial fitness effects in salmon. Sea age at maturity in Atlantic salmon is controlled by a major locus around the vgll3 gene, and we used this opportunity demonstrate that these two traits are co-inherited around this genome region. The odds ratio of survival until second reproduction was up to 2.4 (1.8-3.5 90% CI) times higher for fish with the early-maturing vgll3 genotype (EE) compared to fish with the late-maturing genotype (LL). The L allele was dominant in individuals remaining only one year at sea before maturation, but the dominance was reversed, with the E allele being dominant in individuals maturing after two or more years at sea. Post hoc analysis indicated that iteroparous fish with the EE genotype had accelerated growth prior to first reproduction compared to first-time spawners, across all age groups, whereas this effect was not detected in fish with the LL genotype. These results broaden the functional link around the vgll3 genome region and help us understand constraints in the evolution of life-history variation in salmon. Our results further highlight the need to account for genetic correlations between fitness traits when predicting demographic changes in changing environments. K E Y W O R D SAtlantic salmon, co-inheritance, iteroparity, life-history evolution, sea age at first maturity | INTRODUC TI ONSince being formally described, multivariate evolution has been well incorporated into quantitative genetic frameworks, covering predictions under diverse theoretical scenarios (Chevin, Martin, theory suggests genetic correlation SUPPORTING INFORMATIONAdditional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.How to cite this article: Aykanat T, Ozerov M, Vähä J-P, et al.Co-inheritance of sea age at maturity and iteroparity in the Atlantic salmon vgll3 genomic region.

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“…By thus comparing biological siblings in our within-family analysis the shared genetic predisposition for CRF phenotype as well as the shared behavioral and physiological modulating factors of CRF could thus all contribute towards the attenuation. If genetic predisposition for CRF phenotype would also have a bearing on the probability of a CS delivery, for example via maternal obesity 63 , it could be material in explaining our within-family attenuation. E-values for our estimates indicate that an unmeasured confounder that increased the odds of the outcome by 26% in either the exposed or unexposed group, and if that unmeasured confounder was 26% more prevalent among the exposed than the unexposed, would suffice to fully attenuate the association 64 , 65 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between birth by cesarean section and adolescent cardiorespiratory fitness in a cohort of 339,451 Swedish males

Ekström

Ahlqvist

Persson

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Birth by cesarean section is increasing worldwide and associates with offspring morbidities capable of adversely impacting cardiorespiratory fitness later in life. Whether birth by cesarean section associates with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness later in life is unknown and is of interest to public health. Four Swedish national registers were linked to follow 339,451 singleton males, born between 1973–1987 until December 31 2005, for Watt-maximum achieved on a cycle ergometer test at conscription into the Swedish military. Main exposure was birth by cesarean section which was compared to vaginal birth. A sub-population of 45,999 males born between 1982–1987 was identified to explore differentiated associations between elective and non-elective cesarean section with Watt-maximum. Within-family analyses of 34,252 families with 70,632 biological male siblings, who conscripted during the study period, were performed to explore the role of familial confounding on Watt-maximum. Swedish males born by cesarean section achieved lower mean Watt-maximum (− 2.32 W, 95%C.I. − 2.90 to − 1.75) and displayed excess odds of low cardiorespiratory fitness (aOR = 1.08, 95%C.I. 1.05 to 1.11) at conscription in the eighteenth life-year compared to males born vaginally after adjusting for birth characteristics, maternal morbidities and parental socioeconomic position. In the sub-population, males born 1982–1987, there was a greater negative association of elective cesarean section with cardiorespiratory fitness (− 4.42 W, 95%C.I. − 6.27 to − 2.57, p < 0.001) than non-elective cesarean sections (− 1.96 W, 95%C.I. − 3.77 to − 0.16, p = 0.033) as compared to vaginal births. No associations between modes of cesarean delivery and cardiorespiratory fitness levels persisted in the within-family analyses where biological male siblings were compared whilst controlling for factors shared within families. Males born by cesarean section had lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness eighteen years later compared to males born vaginally. These findings appear to be largely explained by factors of familial confounding.

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Genetic Correlation between Body Fat Percentage and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Suggests Common Genetic Etiology

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio misclassification of overweight and obesity in Chinese military personnel

Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio misclassification of overweight and obesity in Chinese military personnel

Co‐inheritance of sea age at maturity and iteroparity in the Atlantic salmon vgll3 genomic region

The association between birth by cesarean section and adolescent cardiorespiratory fitness in a cohort of 339,451 Swedish males

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