Experimental spinal cord trauma: a review of mechanically induced spinal cord injury in rat models

Abdullahi, Dauda; Annuar, Azlina Ahmad; Mohamad, Masro; Aziz, Izzuddin; Sanusi, Junedah

doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0050

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The functional recovery assessment that was used in the present study was the toe-spreading reflex. A simple, precise, and inherently meaningful measure is the return of toe-spreading [27]. In the present study, the findings of functional recovery are supported by histological analysis of the myelin and axon morphology and morphometric analysis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The Changes in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Supplemented with Evening Primrose Oil: Behavioural, Morphologic, and Morphometric Analysis

Ramli

Aziz

Mohamad

et al. 2017

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Nerve crush injuries are commonly used models for axonotmesis to examine peripheral nerve regeneration. As evening primrose oil (EPO) is rich in omega-6 essential fatty acid component and gamma-linolenic acid, studies have shown the potential role of EPO in myelination. Seventy-two healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into three groups: normal group, control group, and experimental group. The result indicates that there was significant difference in toe-spreading reflex between the normal and the control groups (1.9 ± 0.031, p < 0.05) and the normal and the EPO groups (0.4 ± 0.031, p < 0.05) and significant difference between EPO and the control groups (1.5 ± 0.031, p < 0.05). Regeneration of axons and myelin in nerve fibre in the EPO-treated group developed better and faster than in the control group. In the control group, the shape of the axon was irregular with a thinner myelin sheath. In the experimental group, the shape of the axons, the thickness of the myelin sheath, and the diameter of the axons were almost the same as in the normal group. In conclusion, EPO supplementation may be beneficial as a therapeutic option for disturbances of nerve interaction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The Changes in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Supplemented with Evening Primrose Oil: Behavioural, Morphologic, and Morphometric Analysis

Ramli

Aziz

Mohamad

et al. 2017

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…A compression-type lesion was produced using a calibrated compression method (Graefe Iris forceps with 0.8-mm tip for 30 seconds). 2,26 The rats received lactated Ringer's solution during anesthesia (administered subcutaneously; 5 ml for every 2 hours).…”

Section: Rodent Spinal Cord Injury Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound to visualize hemodynamic changes after rodent spinal cord injury

Khaing¹,

Cates²,

Dewees³

et al. 2018

Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine

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OBJECTIVETraumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) causes an almost complete loss of blood flow at the site of injury (primary injury) as well as significant hypoperfusion in the penumbra of the injury. Hypoperfusion in the penumbra progresses after injury to the spinal cord and is likely to be a major contributor to progressive cell death of spinal cord tissue that was initially viable (secondary injury). Neuroprotective treatment strategies seek to limit secondary injury. Clinical monitoring of the temporal and spatial patterns of blood flow within the contused spinal cord is currently not feasible. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether ultrafast contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) Doppler allows for detection of local hemodynamic changes within an injured rodent spinal cord in real time.METHODSA novel ultrafast CEUS Doppler technique was developed utilizing a research ultrasound platform combined with a 15-MHz linear array transducer. Ultrafast plane-wave acquisitions enabled the separation of higher-velocity blood flow in macrocirculation from low-velocity flow within the microcirculation (tissue perfusion). An FDA-approved contrast agent (microbubbles) was used for visualization of local blood flow in real time. CEUS Doppler acquisition protocols were developed to characterize tissue perfusion both during contrast inflow and during the steady-state plateau. A compression injury of the thoracic spinal cord of adult rats was induced using iris forceps.RESULTSHigh-frequency ultrasound enabled visualization of spinal cord vessels such as anterior spinal arteries as well as central arteries (mean diameter [± SEM] 145.8 ± 10.0 µm; 76.2 ± 4.5 µm, respectively). In the intact spinal cord, ultrafast CEUS Doppler confirmed higher perfusion of the gray matter compared to white matter. Immediately after compression injury of the thoracic rodent spinal cord, spinal cord vessels were disrupted in an area of 1.93 ± 1.14 mm2. Ultrafast CEUS Doppler revealed a topographical map of local tissue hypoperfusion with remarkable spatial resolution. Critical loss of perfusion, defined as less than 40% perfusion compared to the surrounding spared tissue, was seen within an area of 2.21 ± 0.6 mm2.CONCLUSIONSIn our current report, we introduce ultrafast CEUS Doppler for monitoring of spinal vascular structure and function in real time. Development and clinical implementation of this type of imaging could have a significant impact on the care of patients with tSCI.

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“…Compression models are used to induce persistent spinal cord pressure, which is commonly seen in human TSCI, and also to investigate the effect of compression and/or the optimal time of decompression after injury [59]. This model is frequently applied to examine autophagy in the spinal cord lesions created by compression using the clip compression model.…”

Section: Temporal Pattern Of Autophagic Activation In Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporal Pattern, Flux, and Function of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury

Zhou

Sansur

et al. 2017

IJMS

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Previous studies have indicated that autophagy plays a critical role in spinal cord injury (SCI), including traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and ischemia-reperfusion spinal cord injury (IRSCI). However, while the understanding of mechanisms underlying autophagy in SCI has progressed, there remain several controversial points: (1) temporal pattern results of autophagic activation after SCI are not consistent across studies; (2) effect of accumulation of autophagosomes due to the blockade or enhancement of autophagic flux is uncertain; (3) overall effect of enhanced autophagy remains undefined, with both beneficial and detrimental outcomes reported in SCI literature. In this review, the temporal pattern of autophagic activation, autophagic flux, autophagic cell death, relationship between autophagy and apoptosis, and pharmacological intervention of autophagy in TSCI (contusion injury, compression injury and hemisection injury) and IRSCI are discussed. Types of SCI and severity appear to contribute to differences in outcomes regarding temporal pattern, flux, and function of autophagy. With future development of specific strategies on autophagy intervention, autophagy may play an important role in improving functional recovery in patients with SCI.

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Experimental spinal cord trauma: a review of mechanically induced spinal cord injury in rat models

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

The Changes in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Supplemented with Evening Primrose Oil: Behavioural, Morphologic, and Morphometric Analysis

The Changes in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Supplemented with Evening Primrose Oil: Behavioural, Morphologic, and Morphometric Analysis

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound to visualize hemodynamic changes after rodent spinal cord injury

The Temporal Pattern, Flux, and Function of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury

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