<b><i>Monascus Adlay</i></b> and Monacolin K Attenuates Arterial Thrombosis in Rats through the Inhibition of ICAM-1 and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Background/Aims: Monascus Adlay (MA) prepared from fungal fermentation of Monascus purpureus inoculating with cooked adlay contains high content of monakolin K (MK) and phenolic compounds. We explored whether MA and MK improve FeCl₃-induced arterial thrombosis in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into control, FeCl₃-treated rat carotid artery occlusion (TTO), TTO determined with one-week MA, and TTO determined with one-week MK. We compared MA or MK effects on oxidative stress by chemiluminescence amplification and immunohistochemistry, TTO by a transonic system, NFκB, ICAM-1, endoplasmic reticulum stress CHOP and Nrf2 signaling by western blotting. Results: MA or MK efficiently depressed O₂^-, H₂O₂ and HOCl levels, platelet activation and aggregation and H₂O₂-enhanced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in the endothelial cells. FeCl₃ significantly increased NFκB p65, 3-nitrotyrosine, CHOP and ICAM-1 expression, and decreased nuclear Nrf2 translocation and induces arterial thrombus formation. MA or MK pretreatment significantly elongated the level of FeCl₃-induced TTO compared to TTO group, significantly decreased proinflammatory NF-κB/ICAM-1 signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress CHOP expression and decreased thrombotic area. MA or MK significantly preserved nuclear Nrf2 translocation. MA and MK exerted a similar protective effect in attenuating thrombus formation. Conclusions: We suggest MA is better than MK to improve FeCl₃-induced arterial thrombosis.

Timing of Heparin Administration Modulates Arterial Occlusive Thrombotic Response in Rats

“…The rat ferric chloride model has been used in a number of studies to evaluate thrombosis, particularly in the context of antithrombotic therapies. The controls (no therapy) in our study had an average TTO of~12 min; other studies using various parameters of ferric chloride concentration and time of application, as well as filter paper dimensions, have control TTO data from 7.8-8.7 min [19,20] to greater than 30 min [8,21,22], with many values between these times [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. We selected our particular ferric chloride induction parameters to provide a moderate injury so that heparin therapy might have an influence, as was determined to be the case.…”

ICAM‐1 Activates Platelets and Promotes Endothelial Permeability through VE‐Cadherin after Insufficient Radiofrequency Ablation

“…ICAM‐1, a primary endothelial cell adhesion molecule, interacts with platelet α IIb β 3 through endothelial GPIb‐IX‐V and mediates platelet adhesion. [ 31 ] Studies have indicated that monascus adlay and monacolin K attenuate arterial thrombosis in rats through inhibition of ICAM‐1 in endothelial cells; [ 44 ] ICAM‐1‐targeted thrombomodulin mitigates tissue factor‐driven inflammatory thrombosis, [ 45 ] and endotoxemia‐augmented murine venous thrombosis formation is dependent on ICAM‐1 and TLR‐4. [ 46 ] Consistently, we found that ICAM‐1 expression was upregulated in TAECs after heat treatment, and increased ICAM‐1 expression induced platelet adhesion, aggregation, and activation; ICAM‐1 inhibition or blockade reversed the effects.…”

Perspectives on Functional Red Mold Rice: Functional Ingredients, Production, and Application

“…Besides the lowering lipid effects, the physiological functions of MLs like promoting bone formation, attenuating arterial thrombosis, and anticancer have also been confirmed (Wong and Rabie, 2008;Tseng et al, 2011;Tien et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2019). New bone formation in bone defects in vivo and bone cell formation in vitro can be stimulated and increased using RMR extract (Wong and Rabie, 2008).…”