Reference values for and cross‐validation of time to exhaustion on a modified Balke protocol in Norwegian men and women

Aadland, Eivind; Solbraa, Ane Kristiansen; Resaland, Geir Kåre; Steene‐Johannessen, Jostein; Edvardsen, Elisabeth; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred

doi:10.1111/sms.12750

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Given the inherent variation among often small and homogeneous samples from which equations are derived and tested, measurement error in the determination of VO 2peak, and variation in execution of protocols, biased predictions are expected. However, the amount of bias in these studies (± approximately 0‐8 mL/kg/min) is rather similar to the bias previously found among test centers in a multisite study and biases found in the 20 cross‐validations performed in the current study (± approximately 0‐5 mL/kg/min), relying on more similar methodology. These findings clearly show that prediction of VO 2peak should be performed with caution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

The Andersen aerobic fitness test: New peak oxygen consumption prediction equations in 10 and 16‐year olds

Aadland

Andersen

Lerum

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Measurement of aerobic fitness by determining peak oxygen consumption (VO ) is often not feasible in children and adolescents, thus field tests such as the Andersen test are required in many settings, for example in most school-based studies. This study provides cross-validated prediction equations for VO based on the Andersen test in 10 and 16-year-old children. We included 235 children (n = 113 10-year olds and 122 16-year olds) who performed the Andersen test and a progressive treadmill test to exhaustion to determine VO . Joint and sex-specific prediction equations were derived and tested in 20 random samples. Performance in terms of systematic (bias) and random error (limits of agreement) was evaluated by means of Bland-Altman plots. Bias varied from -4.28 to 5.25 mL/kg/min across testing datasets, sex, and the 2 age groups. Sex-specific equations (mean bias -0.42 to 0.16 mL/kg/min) performed somewhat better than joint equations (-1.07 to 0.84 mL/kg/min). Limits of agreement were substantial across all datasets, sex, and both age groups, but were slightly lower in 16-year olds (5.84-13.29 mL/kg/min) compared to 10-year olds (9.60-15.15 mL/kg/min). We suggest the presented equations can be used to predict VO from the Andersen test performance in children and adolescents on a group level. Although the Andersen test appears to be a good measure of aerobic fitness, researchers should interpret cross-sectional individual-level predictions of VO with caution due to large random measurement errors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

The Andersen aerobic fitness test: New peak oxygen consumption prediction equations in 10 and 16‐year olds

Aadland

Andersen

Lerum

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Aerobic fitness was assessed by a standardised submaximal treadmill walking protocol, modified from the maximal Balke protocol 27 to suit participants with various chronic conditions. After a 1-7 min familiarisation on a flat treadmill, participants walked with a progressive increase in inclination every minute from 0% to 12% at 4 km/hour.…”

Section: Aerobic Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthy Life Centres: a 3-month behaviour change programme’s impact on participants’ physical activity levels, aerobic fitness and obesity: an observational study

et al. 2020

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ObjectivesIndividuals with low socioeconomic status and multimorbidity tend to have lower physical activity (PA) levels than the general population. Primary care is an important setting for reaching high-risk individuals to support behaviour change. This study aimed to investigate the impact of behaviour change interventions delivered by Norwegian Healthy Life Centres (HLCs) on participants’ PA levels, aerobic fitness and obesity, and furthermore to investigate possible predictors of change.DesignAn observational study with a pre–post design and a 3-month follow-up.SettingThirty-two HLCs in Norway were included.ParticipantsA total of 713 participants (72% of the participants included at baseline), 71% women, with a mean age of 51 (18–87 years) and body mass index (BMI) of 32 (SD 7) met to follow-up.InterventionIndividual consultations and tailored individual and group-based exercise and courses organised by the HLCs and cooperating providers.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was time spent in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA, min/day) (ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer). The secondary outcomes were light PA (LPA, min/day), number of steps per day, time spent sedentary (SED, min/day), aerobic fitness (submaximal treadmill test, min), BMI (kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC, cm).ResultsThere was no change in MVPA (B 1.4, 95% CI −0.4 to 3.1) after 3 months. The participants had improved LPA (4.0, 95% CI 0.5 to 7.5), increased number of steps (362, 95% CI 172 to 552), reduced SED (−5.6, 95% CI −9.8 to –1.3), improved fitness (0.8, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.0), reduced BMI (−0.2, 95% CI −0.1 to –0.3) and reduced WC (−1.7, 95% CI −2.0 to –1.3). Positive predictors of change were number of exercise sessions completed per week, duration of adherence to HLC offers and participation in exercise organised by HLC.ConclusionParticipation in the HLC interventions had small positive impacts on participants’ PA levels, aerobic fitness and obesity. Further research to develop effective behaviour change programmes targeting individuals with complex health challenges is needed.Trial registration numberNCT03026296.

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“…Hence, most evidence linking physical fitness to health, such as the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study, [23][24][25] is based on time to exhaustion or maximal load on graded exercise protocols. In a recent study by Aadland, 26 time to exhaustion obtained from a treadmill-protocol in a sample of Norwegian men and women (N ¼ 884) was crossvalidated with VO2-max and confirmed to be a feasible and good measure of aerobic fitness in adults. In a similar study by Andersen, 27 maximal power output (watts) from a progressive cycle ergometer test in a sample of Danish men and women (N ¼ 535) was cross-validated with VO2-max measurements and confirmed to be a good alternative to VO2-max testing.…”

Section: Estimation Of Physical Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 93%

Physical fitness is a modifiable predictor of early cardiovascular death: A 35-year follow-up study of 2014 healthy middle-aged men

Engeseth

Prestgaard

Mariampillai

et al. 2018

Eur J Prev Cardiolog

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Background Physical fitness has been shown to predict cardiovascular death during long-term follow-up. In the present study we aimed to investigate how physical fitness and other cardiovascular risk factors at middle-age influenced the risk of cardiovascular death during the early (0-11 years), intermediate (12-23 years) and late (24-35 years) parts of a 35-year observation period. Methods and results Age-adjusted physical fitness was calculated in 2014 apparently healthy, middle-aged men after maximal bicycle electrocardiogram-tests in 1972-1975 (Survey 1) and 1979-1982 (Survey 2). The men were assessed through 35 years after Survey 1, and 28 years after Survey 2 by Cox proportional hazards models. Low Survey 1 physical fitness was independently associated with increased risks of early and intermediate, but not late, cardiovascular death. Survey 1 to Survey 2 change in physical fitness, age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol impacted cardiovascular death risks in all periods. Family history of coronary heart disease impacted early and intermediate, but not late, cardiovascular death. Conclusions Most classical cardiovascular risk factors were strong predictors of early, intermediate and late cardiovascular death. Physical fitness measured at median age 50 years was independently associated with risk of early cardiovascular death, but the association weakened as time progressed. Change in physical fitness during middle-age impacted cardiovascular death risk in a full lifetime perspective. Thus, our data suggest that physical fitness is a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor with limited duration in contrast to the sustained impact of smoking, blood pressure and cholesterol on cardiovascular mortality.

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Reference values for and cross‐validation of time to exhaustion on a modified Balke protocol in Norwegian men and women

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

The Andersen aerobic fitness test: New peak oxygen consumption prediction equations in 10 and 16‐year olds

The Andersen aerobic fitness test: New peak oxygen consumption prediction equations in 10 and 16‐year olds

Healthy Life Centres: a 3-month behaviour change programme’s impact on participants’ physical activity levels, aerobic fitness and obesity: an observational study

Physical fitness is a modifiable predictor of early cardiovascular death: A 35-year follow-up study of 2014 healthy middle-aged men

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