The effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub>
 on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate, <i>Alexandrium fundyense</i>

Hattenrath-Lehmann, Theresa K.; Smith, Juliette L.; Wallace, Ryan B.; Merlo, Lucas R.; Koch, Florian; Mittelsdorf, Heidi; Goleski, Jennifer A.; Anderson, Donald M.; Gobler, Christopher J.

doi:10.1002/lno.10012

Cited by 68 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Kremp et al (2012) found an overall trend of increasing cell toxicity with increasing pCO 2 (and temperature) for eight strains of Alexandrium ostenfeldii . In culture experiments, strains of Alexandrium fundyense isolated from Northport Bay, New York, and the Bay of Fundy, Canada, grew significantly faster when exposed to elevated levels of pCO 2 compared to lower levels (Hattenrath-Lehmann et al, 2015), and high levels of pCO 2 significantly increased cellular toxicity in the Northport Bay strain but had no effect in the Bay of Fundy strain. In another study, acidification led to a doubling of saxitoxin concentrations in nutrient replete Alexandrium catenella , but toxicity increased by an order of magnitude under P limitation (Tatters et al, 2013a), indicating the OA effect was minor relative to nutrient status.…”

Section: Anticipated Linkages Between Harmful Algal Blooms and CLImentioning

confidence: 96%

Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future

et al. 2015

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Climate change pressures will influence marine planktonic systems globally, and it is conceivable that harmful algal blooms may increase in frequency and severity. These pressures will be manifest as alterations in temperature, stratification, light, ocean acidification, precipitation-induced nutrient inputs, and grazing, but absence of fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms driving harmful algal blooms frustrates most hope of forecasting their future prevalence. Summarized here is the consensus of a recent workshop held to address what currently is known and not known about the environmental conditions that favor initiation and maintenance of harmful algal blooms. There is expectation that harmful algal bloom (HAB) geographical domains should expand in some cases, as will seasonal windows of opportunity for harmful algal blooms at higher latitudes. Nonetheless there is only basic information to speculate upon which regions or habitats HAB species may be the most resilient or susceptible. Moreover, current research strategies are not well suited to inform these fundamental linkages. There is a critical absence of tenable hypotheses for how climate pressures mechanistically affect HAB species, and the lack of uniform experimental protocols limits the quantitative cross-investigation comparisons essential to advancement. A HAB “best practices” manual would help foster more uniform research strategies and protocols, and selection of a small target list of model HAB species or isolates for study would greatly promote the accumulation of knowledge. Despite the need to focus on keystone species, more studies need to address strain variability within species, their responses under multifactorial conditions, and the retrospective analyses of long-term plankton and cyst core data; research topics that are departures from the norm. Examples of some fundamental unknowns include how larger and more frequent extreme weather events may break down natural biogeographic barriers, how stratification may enhance or diminish HAB events, how trace nutrients (metals, vitamins) influence cell toxicity, and how grazing pressures may leverage, or mitigate HAB development. There is an absence of high quality time-series data in most regions currently experiencing HAB outbreaks, and little if any data from regions expected to develop HAB events in the future. A subset of observer sites is recommended to help develop stronger linkages among global, national, and regional climate change and HAB observation programs, providing fundamental datasets for investigating global changes in the prevalence of harmful algal blooms. Forecasting changes in HAB patterns over the next few decades will depend critically upon considering harmful algal blooms within the competitive context of plankton communities, and linking these insights to ecosystem, oceanographic and climate models. From a broader perspective, the nexus of HAB science and the social sciences of harmful algal blooms is inadequate and prevents quantitative assessment of impacts of futur...

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Section: Anticipated Linkages Between Harmful Algal Blooms and CLImentioning

confidence: 96%

Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future

et al. 2015

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“…CO 2 -dependent changes have also been reported for other Alexandrium species. For instance, A. ostenfeldii showed increased STX under elevated pCO 2 (Kremp et al 2012), whereas A. catenella and A. fundyense (NPB8) displayed an increase in both STX and GTX1+ 4 under elevated pCO 2 (Tatters et al 2013, Hattenrath-Lehmann et al 2015. Thus, PSP toxin composition by Alexandrium species lacks an unambiguous response to elevated pCO 2 .…”

Section: Reallocation Of Energy From Ccm Down-regulationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…PSP toxins are Nrich alkaloids with several analogues (Shimizu 1996, Cembella 1998, Anderson et al 2012b, and their synthesis has been shown to depend on N availability (e.g. Boyer et al 1987, Van de Waal et al 2013, 2014b, but also on changes in pCO 2 (Tatters et al 2013, Van de Waal et al 2014a, Hattenrath-Lehmann et al 2015. Little is yet known about the combined effects of N limitation and elevated pCO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of ocean acidification and nitrogen limitation on two bloom-forming dinoflagellate species

Eberlein¹,

Waal²,

Brandenburg³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Global climate change involves an increase in oceanic CO 2 concentrations as well as thermal stratification of the water column, thereby reducing nutrient supply from deep to surface waters. Changes in inorganic carbon (C) or nitrogen (N) availability have been shown to affect marine primary production, yet little is known about their interactive effects. To test for these effects, we conducted continuous culture experiments under N limitation and exposed the bloomforming dinoflagellate species Scrippsiella trochoidea and Alexandrium fundyense (formerly A. tamarense) to CO 2 partial pressures (pCO 2 ) ranging between 250 and 1000 μatm. Ratios of particulate organic carbon (POC) to organic nitrogen (PON) were elevated under N limitation, but also showed a decreasing trend with increasing pCO 2 . PON production rates were highest and affinities for dissolved inorganic N were lowest under elevated pCO 2 , and our data thus demonstrate a CO 2 -dependent trade-off in N assimilation. In A. fundyense, quotas of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins were lowered under N limitation, but the offset to those obtained under N-replete conditions became smaller with increasing pCO 2 . Consequently, cellular toxicity under N limitation was highest under elevated pCO 2 . All in all, our observations imply reduced N stress under elevated pCO 2 , which we attribute to a reallocation of energy from C to N assimilation as a consequence of lowered costs in C acquisition. Such interactive effects of ocean acidification and nutrient limitation may favor species with adjustable carbon concentrating mechanisms and have consequences for their competitive success in a future ocean.

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“…Contrary to the negative effects of increased CO2 on calcifying organisms, previous studies have shown that some photosynthetic organisms, such as seagrasses (Koch et al, 2013;Palacios and Zimmerman, 2007), phytoplankton (Fu et al, 2012;Hattenrath-Lehmann et al, 2015), and macroalgae (Olischläger et al, 2013;Young and Gobler, 2016) may benefit from a high CO2 environment. Such photosynthetic autotrophs may also have the capacity to buffer carbonate chemistry, 15 potentially alleviating the harmful effects of excessive CO2 on calcifying organisms.…”

Section: Introduction 25mentioning

confidence: 87%

The ability of macroalgae to mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on four species of North Atlantic bivalve

Young¹,

Gobler²

2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Coastal ecosystems can experience acidification via upwelling, eutrophication, riverine discharge, and climate change. While the resulting increases in pCO2 can have deleterious effects on calcifying animals, this change in carbonate 10 chemistry may benefit some marine autotrophs. Here, we report on experiments performed with North Atlantic populations of hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) grown with and without North Atlantic populations of the green macroalgae, Ulva. In 6 of 7 experiments, exposure to elevated pCO2 levels (~1,700 µatm) resulted in depressed shell-and/or tissue-based growth rates of bivalves compared to control conditions (p<0.05) whereas rates were significantly higher in the presence of Ulva in all 15 experiments (p<0.05). In many cases, the co-exposure elevated pCO2 levels and Ulva had an antagonistic effect on bivalve growth rates whereby the presence of Ulva under elevated pCO2 levels significantly improved their performance compared to the acidification only treatment (p<0.05). Saturation states for calcium carbonate (Ω) were significantly higher in the presence of Ulva under both ambient and elevated CO2 delivery rates (p<0.05). Collectively, the results suggest that photosynthesis and/or nitrate assimilation by Ulva increased alkalinity, fostering a carbonate chemistry regime more suitable 20 for optimal growth of calcifying bivalves. This suggests that large natural and/or aquacultured collections of macroalgae in acidified environments could serve as a refuge for calcifying animals that may otherwise be negatively impacted by elevated pCO2 levels and depressed Ω.

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The effects of elevated CO₂ on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense

Cited by 68 publications

References 78 publications

Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future

Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future

Interactive effects of ocean acidification and nitrogen limitation on two bloom-forming dinoflagellate species

The ability of macroalgae to mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on four species of North Atlantic bivalve

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The effects of elevated CO2 on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense

Cited by 68 publications

References 78 publications

Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future

Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future

Interactive effects of ocean acidification and nitrogen limitation on two bloom-forming dinoflagellate species

The ability of macroalgae to mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on four species of North Atlantic bivalve

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The effects of elevated CO₂ on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense