Transport of haloacids across biological membranes

Abstract

Haloacids are considered to be environmental pollutants, but some of them have also been tested in clinical research. The way that haloacids are transported across biological membranes is important for both biodegradation and drug delivery purposes. In this review, we will first summarize putative haloacids transporters and the information about haloacids transport when studying carboxylates transporters. We will then introduce MCT1 and SLC5A8, which are respective transporter for antitumor agent 3-bromopyruvic acid and dichloroacetic acid, and monochloroacetic acid transporters Deh4p and Dehp2 from a haloacids-degrading bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis of these haloacids transporters and other monocarboxylate transporters reveals their evolutionary relationships. Haloacids transporters are not studied to the extent that they deserve compared with their great application potentials, thus future inter-discipline research are desired to better characterize their transport mechanisms for potential applications in both environmental and clinical fields.

Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), a tool to stratify acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and a vehicle to kill cancer cells

“…In our study, BPA lethal capacity was shown to be related to the levels of MCT1 expression (Figure 3A, 3C and 6A and Table 3 ). MCT1 was described as a BPA effective transporter in other studies [ 57 , 58 ] and MCT1 and other MCTs have been considered suitable vehicles for drug delivery [ 9 , 59 , 60 ]. Comparing to HL60 and THP1, HEL cells had a lower fold change in relative cell death induced by BPA both in the presence and absence of VEGF (Figure 6B ).…”

A Straightforward Homologation of Carbon Dioxide with Magnesium Carbenoids en Route to α‐Halocarboxylic Acids

“…The presence of α‐halogen substituents to a C=O bond finely modulates the reactivity profile, thus making the resulting scaffolds valuable entities . In this scenario, α‐halo carboxylic derivatives occupy a prominent position also in view of their relevance in biology and agrochemistry . The Hell‐Volhard‐Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction represented the classical approach to these compounds (Scheme a): the treatment of a carboxylic acid with elemental halogen in the presence of a quasi‐stoichiometric phosphorous catalyst at high temperatures furnishes the targeted adducts.…”

“…[1] In this scenario, a-halo carboxylic derivatives occupy a prominent position also in view of their relevance in biology [2] and agrochemistry. [1] In this scenario, a-halo carboxylic derivatives occupy a prominent position also in view of their relevance in biology [2] and agrochemistry.…”

“…de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Importantly, during the reaction with CO 2 , inversion of configuration at the carbon atom was noticed in analogy with previous reports by Hoffmann dealing with alkylation of analogous reagents. The acids (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) were obtained together with cyclohexyl phenyl sulfoxide 2 d, which could be separated through a trivial acid-basic work-up. Readily accessible benzyl-type sulfoxides served as excellent placeholders for the corresponding Mg carbenoids by simple treatment with CyMgCl for the appropriate metallation time (see SI) prior to CO 2 bubbling.…”

“…Readily accessible benzyl-type sulfoxides served as excellent placeholders for the corresponding Mg carbenoids by simple treatment with CyMgCl for the appropriate metallation time (see SI) prior to CO 2 bubbling. The acids (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) were obtained together with cyclohexyl phenyl sulfoxide 2 d, which could be separated through a trivial acid-basic work-up. The protocol showed a remarkable chemoselectivity, as noticed where potentially exchangeable halides could interfere (4).…”