“…Despite recent advances in stem cell therapies, ALS remains non-curable and clinical remission or reversal remains to be achieved. Although bone marrow or MSCs transplantation has already been attempted in ALS mice and patients, their efficacy has been limited (Appel et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2010;Mazzini et al, 2010Mazzini et al, , 2012Ohta et al, 2011;Silani et al, 2004;Venturin et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2009). Therefore, to improve the therapeutic effects, we demonstrated a new therapeutic approach that combines MNCs and MSCs with the overexpression of growth factors such as HGF, GDNF, and IGF, whose efficacy has been reported for ALS (Dodge et al, 2008;Kaspar et al, 2003;Sun et al, 2002;Wang et al, 2002).…”