An autophagy gene, HoATG5 , is involved in sporulation, cell wall integrity and infection of wounded barley leaves

Liu, Ning; Ning, Guo-Ao; Liu, Xiaohong; Feng, Xiaoxiao; Lu, Jianping; Mao, Lijuan; Su, Zhen-Zhu; Wang, Ying; Zhang, Chulong; Lin, Fu‐Cheng

doi:10.1016/j.micres.2016.08.008

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For the endophytic fungus Harpophora oryzae, the ATG5 gene displays an important role in autophagy, sporulation and cell wall integrity. In the presence of Congo Red the growth is highly inhibited in the atg5 mutants, affecting the mycelial development [72]. Another finding in our investigation was the fact that ATG4 and ATG8 gene disruption resulted in sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor BTZ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Biological functions of the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 in Cryptococcus neoformans

et al. 2020

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Autophagy is a mechanism responsible for intracellular degradation and recycling of macromolecules and organelles, essential for cell survival in adverse conditions. More than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been identified and characterized in fungi, among them ATG4 and ATG8. ATG4 encodes a cysteine protease (Atg4) that plays an important role in autophagy by initially processing Atg8 at its C-terminus region. Atg8 is a ubiquitin-like protein essential for the synthesis of the double-layer membrane that constitutes the autophagosome vesicle, responsible for delivering the cargo from the cytoplasm to the vacuole lumen. The contributions of Atg-related proteins in the pathogenic yeast in the genus Cryptococcus remain to be explored, to elucidate the molecular basis of the autophagy pathway. In this context, we aimed to investigate the role of autophagy-related proteins 4 and 8 (Atg4 and Atg8) during autophagy induction and their contribution with non-autophagic events in C. neoformans. We found that Atg4 and Atg8 are conserved proteins and that they interact physically with each other. ATG gene deletions resulted in cells sensitive to nitrogen starvation. ATG4 gene disruption affects Atg8 degradation and its translocation to the vacuole lumen, after autophagy induction. Both atg4 and atg8 mutants are more resistant to oxidative stress, have an impaired growth in the presence of the cell wall-perturbing agent Congo Red, and are sensitive to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ). By that, we conclude that in C. neoformans the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 play an important role in the autophagy pathway; which are required for autophagy regulation, maintenance of amino acid levels and cell adaptation to stressful conditions. OPEN ACCESS Citation: Roberto TN, Lima RF, Pascon RC, Idnurm A, Vallim MA (2020) Biological functions of the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0230981. https://doi.org/10.Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.individuals [2]. The therapy against cryptococcosis requires a long period of treatment with antifungal drugs used singly or in combination, some of which are highly toxic to the patient [3]. Due to the long period of clinical treatment, some reports indicate that fungi of the genus Cryptococcus may have a high potential to antifungal resistance, which could explain the therapeutic failures and recurrent relapses in the patients with cryptococcosis [4]. Thus, further studies for new strategies that contribute with the knowledge about the treatment of this mycosis, leading to the deficiency of growth, multiplication, and/or survival of the fungus in the host are of great importance. In this context, the elucidation of autophagic pathways in fungi may provide new insights into the relationship established during the infection process between pathogen and host [5].Autophagy is an intracellular mechanism responsible for degradation and recycling of macr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Biological functions of the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 in Cryptococcus neoformans

et al. 2020

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“…Recently, Yanagisawa and colleagues have analyzed the function of Aoatg1 and detected the Cvt pathway in Aspergillus oryzae 28 . More recently, in the endophytic fungus Harpophora oryzae , it has been shown that autophagy is required for vegetative growth, sporulation and virulence 29 . Selective autophagy may also be significant in pathogenesis, because it has been shown that Atg26-mediated pexophagy is necessary for appressorium-mediated plant infection in the hemi-biotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide functional analysis reveals that autophagy is necessary for growth, sporulation, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum

Wang

Yang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular recycling and trafficking pathway in eukaryotic cells and has been reported to be important in the virulence of a number of microbial pathogens. Here, we report genome-wide identification and characterization of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in the wheat pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. We identified twenty-eight genes associated with the regulation and operation of autophagy in F. graminearum. Using targeted gene deletion, we generated a set of 28 isogenic mutants. Autophagy mutants were classified into two groups by differences in their growth patterns. Radial growth of 18 Group 1 ATG mutants was significantly reduced compared to the wild-type strain PH-1, while 10 Group 2 mutants grew normally. Loss of any of the ATG genes, except FgATG17, prevented the fungus from causing Fusarium head blight disease. Moreover, subsets of autophagy genes were necessary for asexual/sexual differentiation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, respectively. FgATG1 and FgATG5 were investigated in detail and showed severe defects in autophagy. Taken together, we conclude that autophagy plays a critical role in growth, asexual/sexual sporulation, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in F. graminearum.

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“…Moreover, deletion of the gene Aolatg4 resulted in an increase in sensitivity to chemical stressors, such as menadione and Congo red (Figure 3). Similarly, deletion of Hoatg5 caused defective in hyphal growth on CM plates containing cell wallperturbing agents, including CFW, SDS, and Congo red, in the endophytic fungus Harpophora oryzae (Liu et al, 2016). Moreover, the vegetative growth of ΔBbatg1 and ΔBbatg8 mutants was inhibited by menadione in B. bassiana (Ying et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Autophagy-Related Gene Aolatg4 Regulates Hyphal Growth, Sporulation, Autophagosome Formation, and Pathogenicity in Arthrobotrys oligospora

et al. 2020

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Autophagy plays an important role in cell growth and development. The autophagy-related gene atg4 encodes a cysteine protease, which can cleave the carboxyl terminus of Atg8, thus plays a role in autophagosome formation in yeast and filamentous fungi. Arthrobotrys oligospora is well known for producing special trapping-devices (traps) and capturing nematodes. In this study, two Δ Aolatg4 mutants were generated using targeted gene replacement and were used to investigate the biological functions of autophagy in A. oligospora . Autophagic process was observed using the AoAtg8-GFP fusion protein. The mutants showed a defective in hyphal growth and sporulation and were sensitive to chemical stressors, including menadione and Congo red. The spore yield of the ΔAolatg4 mutants was decreased by 88.5% compared to the wild type (WT), and the transcript levels of six sporulation-related genes, such as abaA , fluG , brlA , and wetA , were significantly downregulated during the conidiation stage. Deletion of Aolatg4 also affected the cell nuclei and mycelial septal development in A. oligospora . Importantly, autophagosome formation and the autophagic process were impaired in the Δ Aolatg4 mutant. Moreover, the Δ Aolatg4 mutant lost its ability to form mature traps. Our results provide novel insights into the roles of autophagy in A. oligospora .

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An autophagy gene, HoATG5 , is involved in sporulation, cell wall integrity and infection of wounded barley leaves

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Biological functions of the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 in Cryptococcus neoformans

Biological functions of the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 in Cryptococcus neoformans

Genome-wide functional analysis reveals that autophagy is necessary for growth, sporulation, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum

The Autophagy-Related Gene Aolatg4 Regulates Hyphal Growth, Sporulation, Autophagosome Formation, and Pathogenicity in Arthrobotrys oligospora

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