Medium-chain triglycerides promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and improve atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet

Zhang, Xinsheng; Zhang, Yong; Liu, Yinghua; Xu, Qing; Yu, Xiaoming; Yang, Xia; Liu, Zhao; Xue, Changhu

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.004

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Supplementation with 0.30 or 0.45 g/kg GML significantly decreased the serum TC level. It has been reported that both MCFAs and MCTs are associated with a greater transport of excess cholesterol, resulting in lower serum TC levels (Zhang et al, 2016;Zhou et al, 2017). MCFAs (C8-C10) applied in the feed of broiler chickens resulted in decreased LDLC concentrations and increased HDLC concentrations compared with the control treatment (Shokrollahi et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on productive performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology of laying hens

Zhao

Cai

Liu

et al. 2019

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has been widely used as an effective antibacterial emulsifier in the food industry. A total of 360 44-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were randomly distributed into four groups each with six replicates of 15 birds, and fed with corn-soybean-meal-based diets supplemented with 0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 g/kg GML, respectively. Our results showed that 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 g/kg GML treatments significantly decreased feed conversion ratios (FCRs) by 2.65%, 7.08%, and 3.54%, respectively, and significantly increased the laying rates and average egg weights. For egg quality, GML drastically increased albumen height and Haugh units, and enhanced yolk color. Notably, GML increased the concentrations of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and reduced the concentration of total saturated fatty acids in the yolk. The albumen composition was also significantly modified, with an increase of 1.02% in total protein content, and increased contents of His (4.55%) and Glu (2.02%) under the 0.30 g/kg GML treatment. Additionally, GML treatments had positive effects on the lipid metabolism of laying hens, including lowering the serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and reducing fat deposition in abdominal adipose tissue. Intestinal morphology was also improved by GML treatment, with increased villus length and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Our data demonstrated that GML supplementation of laying hens could have beneficial effects on both their productivity and physiological properties, which indicates the potential application of GML as a functional feed additive and gives us a new insight into this traditional food additive.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on productive performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology of laying hens

Zhao

Cai

Liu

et al. 2019

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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“…The ingredients list, amount of nutrients, and specific fatty acid compositions of all diets in this work are provided in additional files [see Additional file 1, 2]. Beijing Institute of Nutrition examined the dietary nutrients, and analyzed the dietary lipids with gas-liquid chromatography, as described in detail in our previous report [17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We found that, in contrast to the LCFAs, MCTs (50% C8:0 and 50% C10:0) have a potential for reducing serum LDL-C and TC levels and improving HDL-C levels in hypertriglyceridemic subjects [12, 16]. We also observed that MCTs could ameliorate atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient (apoE −/− ) mice [17]. Nevertheless, the impact of MCFAs on inflammation and atherosclerosis awaits further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caprylic acid suppresses inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and improves atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice

Zhang

Xue

et al. 2019

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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Background As reported previously by our group, medium-chain triglycerides can ameliorate atherosclerosis. Given that TLR4 is closely related to atherosclerosis, we hypothesized herein that caprylic acid (C8:0) would suppress inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and further promote the amelioration of atherosclerosis in apoE- deficient (apoE −/− ) mice. Methods Fifty 6-week male apoE −/− mice were randomly allocated into five diet groups: a high-fat diet (HFD) without or with 2% caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), stearic acid (C18:0), or linolenic acid (C18:3). RAW246.7 cells were treated with caprylic acid (C8:0), docosahexenoic acid (DHA), palmitic acid (C16:0), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without TLR4 knock-down (TLR4-KD). The serum lipid profiles, inflammatory biomolecules, and mRNA and protein expression levels were measured. Atherosclerotic lesions that occurred in the aorta and aortic sinuses were evaluated and quantified. Results Our results indicated that C8:0 reduced body fat, improved the lipid profiles, suppressed inflammatory cytokine production, downregulated aortic TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IKKα, and IKKβ mRNA expression, and alleviated atherosclerosis in the apoE −/− mice ( P < 0.05). In RAW 264.7 cells, C8:0 diminished the inflammatory response and both mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and TNF-α compared to those in the LPS and C16:0 groups ( P < 0.05). However, in the TLR4-KD RAW 264.7 cells, C8:0 significantly upregulated NF-κB mRNA and protein expression compared to those in the C16:0 and DHA groups. Conclusions These results suggest that C8:0 functions via TLR4/NF-κB signaling to improve the outcomes of apoE −/− mice through suppressing inflammation and ameliorating atherosclerosis. Thus, C8:0 may represent as a promising nutrient against chronic inflammatory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0359-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The preparation of fatty acids and CA was performed as described by X. Zhang, et al [ 11 ]. Fatty acids and CA were measured and dissolved in ethanol, then were diluted with cell culture medium containing 20 mg/L endotoxin-free BSA to a final concentration of 50, 100 or 200 μmol/L (ethanol< 0.1%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2018

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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BackgroundBile acids play a pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism via the enterohepatic circulation. This study investigated the effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)/medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on the reduction of bile acid absorption in the small intestine and the mechanisms of action in vivo and partially verified in vitro.MethodsThirty-six C57BL/6 J mice with hypercholesterolaemia were randomly divided into 3 groups: fed a cholesterol-rich diet (CR group), fed a cholesterol-rich and medium-chain triglyceride diet (CR-MCT group) and fed a cholesterol-rich and long-chain triglyceride diet (CR-LCT group). Body weights and blood lipid profiles were measured in all groups after 16 weeks of treatment. The concentrations of bile acids in bile and faeces were analysed using HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Gene transcription and the expression levels associated with bile acid absorption in the small intestines were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot. Ileal bile acid binding protein (I-BABP) was analysed using immunofluorescence. The effects of MCFAs on the permeability of bile acid (cholic acid, CA) in Caco-2 cell monolayers and I-BABP expression levels in Caco-2 cells treated with caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were determined.ResultsMice in the CR-MCT group exhibited lower body weights and serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a higher HDL-C/LDL-C ratio than the CR-LCT group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of primary bile acids (primarily CA) and secondary bile acids in faeces and secondary bile acids in bile in the CR-MCT group were significantly higher than in the CR-LCT group (P < 0.05). C8:0 and C10:0 decreased the permeability of CA in Caco-2 cell monolayers. MCT/MCFAs (C8:0 and C10:0) inhibited I-BABP gene expression in the small intestines and Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMCT slowed the body weight increase and promoted the excretion of bile acids. MCT lowered serum cholesterol levels at least partially via reduction of bile acid absorption in the small intestine by inhibition of I-BABP expression. Our results provide the basis for clinical trials of MCT as a dietary supplement for lowering plasma cholesterol and reducing risk of CHD.

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Medium-chain triglycerides promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and improve atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet

Cited by 30 publications

References 36 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on productive performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology of laying hens

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on productive performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology of laying hens

Caprylic acid suppresses inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and improves atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice

Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice

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