Apple peel polyphenols: a key player in the prevention and treatment of experimental inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

Diets rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation via several mechanisms. These beneficial effects may be due to their high polyphenol content. The aims of the present study are to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic aspects of polyphenols in dried apple peel powder (DAPP) on intestinal inflammation while elucidating the underlying mechanisms and clinical benefits. Induction of intestinal inflammation in mice was performed by oral administration of the inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) at 2.5% for 10 days. Physiological and supraphysiological doses of DAPP (200 and 400 mg/kg/day respectively) were administered by gavage for 10 days pre- and post-DSS treatment. DSS-mediated inflammation caused weight loss, shortening of the colon, dystrophic detachment of the epithelium, and infiltration of mono- and poly-morphonuclear cells in the colon. DSS induced an increase in lipid peroxidation, a down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, an augmented expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an elevated production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and a shift in mucosa-associated microbial composition. However, DAPP normalized most of these abnormalities in preventive or therapeutic situations in addition to lowering inflammatory cytokines while stimulating antioxidant transcription factors and modulating other potential healing pathways. The supraphysiological dose of DAPP in therapeutic situations also improved mitochondrial dysfunction. Relative abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria was slightly decreased in DAPP-treated mice. In conclusion, DAPP exhibits powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action in the intestine and is associated with the regulation of cellular signalling pathways and changes in microbiota composition. Evaluation of preventive and therapeutic effects of DAPP may be clinically feasible in individuals with intestinal inflammatory bowel diseases.

Significance of Microbiota in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases and the Modulatory Potential by Medicinal Plant and Food Ingredients

“…Similarly, apple peal polyphenols upregulated antioxidant enzymes and attenuated experimental inflammatory bowel disease (Denis et al, 2016). Furthermore, F/B proportion was markedly decreased and Akkermansia levels were increased eight-fold by the end of the treatment (Masumoto et al, 2016).…”

Arctic berry extracts target the gut–liver axis to alleviate metabolic endotoxaemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice

“…with saline (154 mmol/l NaCl) or insulin (3.8 IU/kg) 5 min before euthanasia by cardiac puncture; aliquots of freeze-powdered livers were processed to yield total protein lysates and immunoblotted against anti-CEACAM-1 [12]. 16S rRNA gene-based profiling of the faecal microbiota was carried out as previously described [21]. All raw sequences were deposited in the public European Nucleotide Archive server under accession number PRJEB19783 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/ data/view/PRJEB19783).…”

Pomegranate peel extract alters the microbiome in mice and dysbiosis caused by Citrobacter rodentium infection

“…Extracts of a variety of fruits have been tested for their ability to counteract health conditions including obesity, diabetes, and colitis. Grape and apple polyphenols improved the outcome of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in rats (Boussenna et al, ; Denis et al, ). Fruit extracts, rich in polyphenols, including pomegranate, stimulated the growth of Akkermansia municiphila (Anhe, Roy, Pilon, & Dudonne, ; Henning, Summanen, Lee, & Yang, ; Li, Henning, et al, ; Zhang et al, ) which is thought to have beneficial health effects (Ottman, Geerlings, Aalvink, Vos, & Belzer, ).…”