Correction: Standardized orthotopic xenografts in zebrafish reveal glioma cell-line-specific characteristics and tumor cell heterogeneity

Abstract

), the y-axis label values were incorrect; the amended panel is included in the figure is below. There are no further changes to the figure legend beyond the change to the scale bar described above; the legend was otherwise accurate.These errors do not affect any significance measures nor do they alter any conclusions of this paper.The authors apologise to the readers for any confusion that these errors might have caused. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. 1063

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

“…Previous methods of tumor transplantation in the adult or embryonic zebrafish brain rely upon immunosuppression in adults (genetically, pharmacologically, or via radiation) or are limited to short-term studies of human or mouse cells in embryos 38 43 52 53 54 . For example, mouse brain tumors can be injected intranasally into dexamethasone-immunosuppressed, 30-dpf, juvenile zebrafish for use in short term (~ 2 days) pre-clinical drug assays 54 .…”

“…However, the site of injection in these experiments is obscured by the skull and brain tissue and likely results in damage to normal brain tissue, which reduces host viability and engraftment efficiency. Another recently described method involves the injection of human glioblastoma cell lines into the midbrain region of zebrafish embryos, which enabled the short-term analysis of growth, invasion, and drug response 43 . Again, the precise location of the injection site is variable and likely damages normal tissue.…”

“…Anesthetize the embryos at 3-8 dpf (1-6 dpt) and mount (dorsal side facing the coverslip) in 1.2% low-melt agarose. Perform time-lapse imaging of the mounted embryos using a laser-scanning confocal microscope for the desired length of time to visualize cellular behaviors, such as migration, cell division, or cell-cell interactions, as needed 38 43 53 . NOTE: Use an aspect ratio of 1,024 x 1,024, a scan speed of 8 µs/pixel.…”

“…More recent approaches to improve long-term transplantation studies include the development of the rag2 E450fs mutant line, with compromised B- and T-cell functions, which has been used to successfully transplant multiple cancers 35 36 . To circumvent the requirement for clonal zebrafish lines or an immune-compromised host, a number of groups have used early-stage embryos ( i.e., >72 h post-fertilization (hpf)) for human tumor cell transplantation, as these embryos have not yet fully developed an adaptive immune system 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 . However, these methods are limited to the short-term analysis of tumor cell behavior or drug response (usually less than 2 weeks) because the human cancer cells or the transplantation technique itself kills the host, preventing long-term studies and re-transplantation.…”

Zebrafish in Translational Cancer Research: Insight into Leukemia, Melanoma, Glioma and Endocrine Tumor Biology

“…Recently, Beattie and colleagues described a standardized method for intracranial transplantation of glioblastoma cells (from GBM9 neurospheres and X12 adherent stem and differentiated cells) in the proximity of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary of 36 hpf zebrafish embryos. In this work, the authors characterized the model extensively: the number of transplanted cells, survival test, proliferative capacity with ki67 immunostaining, presence of SOX2+ stem cells and GFAP-vimentin expression [ 126 ]. The approach is now used routinely for testing combinatorial drug treatments in GBM [ 127 ].…”