Long-Term Immunomodulatory Effects of a Mediterranean Diet in Adults at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

The MedDiet participants had lower cellular and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis at 3 and 5 y. This anti-inflammatory role of the MedDiet could explain in part the long-term cardioprotective effect of the MedDiet against CVD. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639.

Fatty Acids Composition in Macadamia Sedes Oil (Macadamia Integrifolia) From Ecuador

“…Results of different epidemiologic studies have suggested that there may be a connection between frequent nut consumption and decreased incidences of several chronic diseases [24]. Recent emerging scientific studies have demonstrated that the bioactive constituents of nuts have cardioprotective, antiobesity, anticancer, and antioxidant effects mediated by different mechanisms in the human body [25,26]. The results obtained in this study are in accordance to fatty acids levels from Macadamia seeds reported in different studies in the science literature.…”

Influence of anti‐inflammatory diet and smoking on mortality and survival in men and women: two prospective cohort studies

“…Mendelian randomization studies also indicated that low‐grade systemic inflammation can negatively affect resistance to the development of CVD and cancer . Moreover, the Mediterranean diet intervention in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) randomized controlled trial resulted in lower levels of inflammatory markers and reduced risk of CVD .…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Mediterranean Diet in the Early and Late Stages of Atheroma Plaque Development

“…In this regard, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how the MeDiet exerts its anti-inflammatory properties. Some evidence show that the MeDiet or some of its main foods could modulate the expression of genes related to plaque stability such as MMP-9 [21], or they may diminish the plasma levels of IL-18 [12], sSelectin-1, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 or other biomarkers of inflammation (TNFR-60, TNFR-80, IL-6, and CRP) [12–15, 17]. Thus, consumption of a tomato-based drink for 26 days lowered TNF- α secretion by 34% [22], while the consumption of EVOO and vegetables was associated with a reduction of circulating TNFR-60 [14].…”

“…On the other hand, GMCSF produces M1-polarized cells with antigen presentation capacities, which express TNF- α and other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 β , IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 [30]. The results of other studies [12–15, 17] agree with these results, and accordingly, both MeDiets showed an improvement in the chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1 β , RANTES, and ENA78), colony-stimulating (GCSF and GMCSF), cytokines (IL-1 β , 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, TNF- α , and IFN- γ ), and vulnerability plaque marker (IL-10, 13, and 18) levels.…”

“…The Nurses' Health Study (80,082 healthy women between 34 and 59 years of age) showed a significant association between high intake of trans or saturated fats and an increased incidence of CVD, whereas high n-3 PUFA and MUFA intakes were associated with a decreased risk [11]. Thus, the effects of several dietary patterns such as the MeDiet, SFA or MUFA, or n-3 PUFA diets on biomarkers related to inflammation have been studied, and it has been concluded that the MeDiet exerts its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effect through downregulation of the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules [12, 13], decreasing proinflammatory interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-18), TNF- α and its receptors, CRP, chemoattractant molecules (MCP-1), and soluble endothelial adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sE-, and sP-selectins) [10–15]. …”