Immobilization of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase Ylip2 for the biocatalytic synthesis of phytosterol ester in a water activity controlled reactor

Highly Efficient Synthesis of Phytosterol Linolenate Catalyzed by <i>Candida Rugosa</i> Lipase through Transesterification

“…Recently phytosterols have attracted much attention due to their beneficial effects on human health since they have cholesterol-lowering ability, and they can also act as anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agents (He et al, 2014;Miras-Moreno et al, 2016). Abundant studies in vivo proved that phytosterols could reduce both total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in animal or humans by competing with dietary and endogenous cholesterol for incorporation into bile salt (Cui et al, 2016;Rideout et al, 2014).…”

“…However, the unique chemical structure of phytosterols determines that they have high melting point (>130℃) and low solubility in both water and edible oils, which drastically limits the further application of phytosterols in food, medical, cosmetic and other industries. To overcome this problem, the most common and effective solution is to synthesize the corresponding phytosterol fatty acid esters since the esterified forms have much greater solubility in oils and much lower melting point and still maintain all of the excellent properties contained in the original phytosterols (Cui et al, 2016;Tan et al, 2012;Zeng et al, 2015;Hu et al, 2015). On the one hand, phytosterol fatty acid esters can be easily incorporate into a wide variety of diets and fat-based food products.…”

“…Phytosterol esters of fatty acids can be presently synthesized via chemical esterification and transesterification, but chemical methods often involve some problems such as excessive energy consumption, the formation of side products, browning of products, low selectivity, need for removal of catalyst from the product and so on (He et al, 2010;Hu et al, 2015). However, enzymatic catalysis allowing mild and environment friendly reaction conditions, has high selectivity, fewer side-products and is therefore attractive for the synthesis of esters (Cui et al, 2016). In recent years, several major lipases, including Novozym 435 (He et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2015), Candida rugosa lipase ) and others (Cui et al, 2016;Pan et al, 2012), have been used for the synthesis of phytosterol esters by direct esterification.…”

Highly Efficient Synthesis of Hydrophilic Phytosterol Derivatives Catalyzed by Ionic Liquid

“…Esterification of phytosterols with fatty acids can decrease their melting point and improve their solubility in oil and fats (Deng et al, ; No, Zhao, Lee, Lee, & Kim, ). A variety of studies have been performed on the esterification or transesterification of phytosterols with fatty acids or fatty acid esters (Cui et al, ; Deng et al, ; Hu et al, ; Molina‐Gutierrez, Hakalin, Rodriguez‐Sanchez, Prieto, & Martinez, ; No et al, ; Zeng et al, ). Our team previously synthesized a series of phytosteryl or phytostanyl fatty acid esters using lipase, ionic liquids (IL), or acid‐surfactant‐combined catalyst as catalyst (He et al, , ; Yang et al, ).…”

“…Phytosterols provide a variety of physiological effects such as cholesterol lowering (Zeng et al, 2015), antitumor effect (Shahzad et al, 2017), and anti-inflammatory effect (Hu, Zhuo, Fang, Zhang, & Feng, 2017). Abundant studies in vivo proved that phytosterols could reduce both total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in animal or humans by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol through the small intestine (Chen, Jiao, & Ma, 2008;Cui, Guan, Xing, Chen, & Tan, 2016). Daily intake of 3 g phytosterols decreased LDL-C concentrations by 10% and reduced the risk of coronary heart disease by 20% (Chawla, Sivakumar, & Goel, 2016).…”