“…The parasitization of paralichthyid fish by species of Corynosoma and Bolbosoma turbinella recorded in the present study indicates that these fish are positioned at an intermediate trophic level of the marine food web where they act as paratenic hosts, as has been reported for other species of this family (FUJITA et al, 2016), while marine mammals and birds are final hosts (HERNÁNDEZ-ORTS et al, 2017).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The species of Corynosoma and Bolbosoma turbinella were found alive in the present study, which reinforces the importance of hygienic-sanitary practices because some species of these two genera are involved with zoonoses. This fact was reported by Fujita et al (2016), who also commented that such infections are closely associated with eating uncooked food, and are mostly reported from Japan because of the traditional food culture there (i.e., sushi and sashimi). Even though the polymorphid acanthocephalan specimens of the present study were not found in the musculature, they can migrate there via inadequated fish cleanning, with the rupture of the walls of the intestine and stomach, and stay available for ingestion, potentially infecting consumers.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 74%
“…Even though the polymorphid acanthocephalan specimens of the present study were not found in the musculature, they can migrate there via inadequated fish cleanning, with the rupture of the walls of the intestine and stomach, and stay available for ingestion, potentially infecting consumers. As suggested by FAO/WHO (2014) and Fujita et al (2016), treatments of heating or freezing are desired for the prevention of parasite infections by these species, as is the usual case for other food-borne parasites, and recently in Brazil (PORTO ALEGRE, 2016), the minimum requirements for the production, preparation and commercialization of sushis and sashimis in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil) were published. Therefore, future studies should be conducted to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the polymorphid species analyzed in the present study.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cases of human acanthocephaliasis have been reported in association with the ingestion of raw fish, including Acanthocephalus rauschi Golvan, 1969and Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904, parasitizing Alaskan Eskimos (GOLVAN, 1969SCHMIDT, 1971), and Bolbosoma Porta, 1908and Corynosoma Lühe, 1904, in Japan (TADA et al, 1983ACHA & SZYFRES, 2003;ARIZONO et al, 2012;FUJITA et al, 2016).…”
Flounders are commercially and economically important fish. A total of 120 specimens of flounders (60 Paralichthys isosceles, 30 Paralichthys patagonicus and 30 Xystreurys rasile) were collected off the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The fish were measured, necropsied and filleted, and then had their organs investigated for acanthocephalans. Taxonomic identification of the parasites was based on morphological, morphometric and genetic characters. Paralichthys isosceles and P. patagonicus were parasitized by juveniles of Serrasentis sagittifer, Bolbosoma turbinella, Corynosoma australe and C. cetaceum; Xystreurys rasile was parasitized by C. australe. Genetic characterization confirmed the identification of specimens of Bolbosoma turbinella and Corynosoma australe, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analyses using both ITS and cox1 molecular targets. Parasite indices of prevalence, intensity, mean intensity, abundance, mean abundance, and range of infection, as well as infection site, were evaluated for each parasite species. This is the first report of S. sagittifer parasitizing P. isosceles and P. patagonicus, and B. turbinella parasitizing P. patagonicus.
“…The parasitization of paralichthyid fish by species of Corynosoma and Bolbosoma turbinella recorded in the present study indicates that these fish are positioned at an intermediate trophic level of the marine food web where they act as paratenic hosts, as has been reported for other species of this family (FUJITA et al, 2016), while marine mammals and birds are final hosts (HERNÁNDEZ-ORTS et al, 2017).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The species of Corynosoma and Bolbosoma turbinella were found alive in the present study, which reinforces the importance of hygienic-sanitary practices because some species of these two genera are involved with zoonoses. This fact was reported by Fujita et al (2016), who also commented that such infections are closely associated with eating uncooked food, and are mostly reported from Japan because of the traditional food culture there (i.e., sushi and sashimi). Even though the polymorphid acanthocephalan specimens of the present study were not found in the musculature, they can migrate there via inadequated fish cleanning, with the rupture of the walls of the intestine and stomach, and stay available for ingestion, potentially infecting consumers.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 74%
“…Even though the polymorphid acanthocephalan specimens of the present study were not found in the musculature, they can migrate there via inadequated fish cleanning, with the rupture of the walls of the intestine and stomach, and stay available for ingestion, potentially infecting consumers. As suggested by FAO/WHO (2014) and Fujita et al (2016), treatments of heating or freezing are desired for the prevention of parasite infections by these species, as is the usual case for other food-borne parasites, and recently in Brazil (PORTO ALEGRE, 2016), the minimum requirements for the production, preparation and commercialization of sushis and sashimis in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil) were published. Therefore, future studies should be conducted to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the polymorphid species analyzed in the present study.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cases of human acanthocephaliasis have been reported in association with the ingestion of raw fish, including Acanthocephalus rauschi Golvan, 1969and Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904, parasitizing Alaskan Eskimos (GOLVAN, 1969SCHMIDT, 1971), and Bolbosoma Porta, 1908and Corynosoma Lühe, 1904, in Japan (TADA et al, 1983ACHA & SZYFRES, 2003;ARIZONO et al, 2012;FUJITA et al, 2016).…”
Flounders are commercially and economically important fish. A total of 120 specimens of flounders (60 Paralichthys isosceles, 30 Paralichthys patagonicus and 30 Xystreurys rasile) were collected off the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The fish were measured, necropsied and filleted, and then had their organs investigated for acanthocephalans. Taxonomic identification of the parasites was based on morphological, morphometric and genetic characters. Paralichthys isosceles and P. patagonicus were parasitized by juveniles of Serrasentis sagittifer, Bolbosoma turbinella, Corynosoma australe and C. cetaceum; Xystreurys rasile was parasitized by C. australe. Genetic characterization confirmed the identification of specimens of Bolbosoma turbinella and Corynosoma australe, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analyses using both ITS and cox1 molecular targets. Parasite indices of prevalence, intensity, mean intensity, abundance, mean abundance, and range of infection, as well as infection site, were evaluated for each parasite species. This is the first report of S. sagittifer parasitizing P. isosceles and P. patagonicus, and B. turbinella parasitizing P. patagonicus.
“…Species of acanthocephalans including species of Bolbosoma and Corynosoma which may have zoonotic potential have been found as juveniles (i.e., infective stage) in several edible fish in Australia [38] and other parts of the world, e.g, [39]. There is no reported case of human infection with these parasites reported in Australia but it has been reported in other countries for example in Japan [40].…”
Global consumption of seafood is steadily increasing, as is the variety of seafood, including dishes with raw or undercooked fish, leading to an increased risk of seafood-borne parasitic diseases. To address today’s challenges to understand the biology and ecology of these parasites in an ever-changing environment and to tackle their pathogenicity, multidisciplinary research is needed. In addition, the gap between research and stakeholders must be bridged to decrease the risk these parasites pose to public health. A “One-Health” approach to research is necessary to ensure that consumers, aquatic animals, and environmental health questions are assessed in an integrated and holistic manner, resulting in a more comprehensive understanding of the issues associated with seafood-borne parasitic diseases and potential solutions. However, when it comes to seafood-borne parasitic diseases, there is limited guidance available for a “One-Health” approach since these diseases can be less known. In this article, the focus is on parasitic diseases caused by seafood, which have been less studied even in some developed countries where seafood is popular. A brief overview of some of the seafood-borne parasitic diseases is provided followed by the significance of the awareness among various stakeholders in a country. In this article, it is argued that researchers and stakeholders are closely connected and a knowledge gap in one can result in a gap in knowledge and awareness in the other, causing an inability to accurately estimate the issues caused by these parasites. It is suggested that raising awareness, supporting research and training of all stakeholders are crucial for the prevention of seafood-borne parasitic diseases and the protection of the health of seafood consumers.
Background
Fish is a great nutritious food and provides quality protein and a variety of vitamins and minerals. This contributes significantly to the economy and food security in Iran. However, there are safety concerns related to the presence of zoonotic parasites.
Objectives
The objective of this study is, therefore, to review fish‐borne zoonotic parasites in Iran.
Methods
Keywords such as fish‐borne, parasites, zoonotic, Iran, and some names of fish‐borne zoonotic parasites were searched in databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Google Scholar and the World Health Organization.
Results
The most common fish‐borne parasites with zoonotic potential identified in reports in the literature were the protozoa Balantidium spp., Myxobolus spp. and Sarcosystis sp.; the trematodes Heterophyes heterophyes and Clinostomum complanatum; the cestodes Ligula intestinalis and Diphyllobothrium latum; the nematodes Pseudoterranova sp., Anisakis spp., Contracaecum spp., Raphidascaris spp., Eustrongylides spp. and Capillaria sp.; and the acanthocephal Corynosoma spp.
Conclusions
The potential risk factors for the transmission of fish‐borne zoonotic parasites to humans are consumption of raw or undercooked infected fish, contact with contaminated water and contact with infected fish. There is a need for epidemiological surveillance of fish for parasites with zoonotic potential and of occurrence of infections in humans to better understand the public health significance and design prevention programs.
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