State and Local Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws for Worksites, Restaurants, and Bars — United States, 2015

Tynan, Michael A.; Holmes, Carissa Baker; Promoff, Gabbi; Hallett, Cynthia; Hopkins, Maggie; Frick, Bronson

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6524a4

Cited by 63 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…58,59 While it is unclear how various efforts to reduce SHS exposure may have had differential impacts across various subpopulations, there is some evidence that there are differences by race/ethnicity in the coverage of comprehensive smoke-free laws. 58 Moreover, higher education and higher SES communities are more likely to adopt smoke-free laws than lower-education or lower SES communities, though there are differences in these patterns by geographic region as well. 59 To our knowledge, there have been no examinations of how the implementation and coverage of various tobacco control policies may vary by area-level income inequality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…59 To our knowledge, there have been no examinations of how the implementation and coverage of various tobacco control policies may vary by area-level income inequality. Nevertheless, regional and race/ethnicity-related differences in the implementation and coverage of tobacco control policies may be connected to area-level socioeconomic factors, 58,59 and it remains to be seen how income inequality relates to these patterns and disparities. Further examination of these complex pathways and environments as they relate to the sources of SHS exposure among children across various racial/ethnic subgroups can foster a better understanding of how area-level income inequality relates to health outcomes such as levels of SHS exposure and how those associations differ by race/ethnicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Income Inequality and US Children’s Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Distinct Associations by Race–Ethnicity

Shenassa

Rossen

Cohen

et al. 2016

NICTOB

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Introduction Prior studies have found considerable racial and ethnic disparities in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Although a number of individual-level determinants of this disparity have been identified, contextual determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in SHS exposure remain unexamined. The objective of this study was to examine disparities in serum cotinine in relation to area-level income inequality among 14 649 children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods We fit log-normal regression models to examine disparities in serum cotinine in relation to Metropolitan Statistical Areas level income inequality among 14 649 nonsmoking children aged 3–15 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2012). Result Non-Hispanic black children had significantly lower serum cotinine than non-Hispanic white children (−0.26; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.15) in low income inequality areas, but this difference was attenuated in areas with high income inequality (0.01; 95% CI: −0.16, 0.18). Serum cotinine declined for non-Hispanic white and Mexican American children with increasing income inequality. Serum cotinine did not change as a function of the level of income inequality among non-Hispanic black children. Conclusions We have found evidence of differential associations between SHS exposure and income inequality by race and ethnicity. Further examination of environments which engender SHS exposure among children across various racial/ethnic subgroups can foster a better understanding of how area-level income inequality relates to health outcomes such as levels of SHS exposure and how those associations differ by race/ethnicity. Implications In the United States, the association between children’s risk of SHS exposure and income inequality is modified by race/ethnicity in a manner that is inconsistent with theories of income inequality. In overall analysis this association appears to be as predicted by theory. However, race-specific analyses reveal that higher levels of income inequality are associated with lower levels of SHS exposure among white children, while levels of SHS exposure among non-Hispanic black children are largely invariant to area-level income inequality. Future examination of the link between income inequality and smoking-related health outcomes should consider differential associations across racial and ethnic subpopulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income Inequality and US Children’s Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Distinct Associations by Race–Ethnicity

Shenassa

Rossen

Cohen

et al. 2016

NICTOB

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…3 As of December 31, 2015, a total of 23 US states had no complete smoke-free laws in either bars or restaurants (including 7 states with no form of smoking restriction in both places). 29 Even in states with comprehensive smoke-free policies, hookah establishments often take advantage of various exemptions in statewide smoke-free laws, such as those exempting "retail or wholesale tobacco shops and private smokers' lounges" as well as owner-operated business exemptions. 30 -32 Including hookah prohibitions within the context of comprehensive smoke-free policies, restricting the sale of flavors that are attractive to youth, and raising the minimum age of buying tobacco products or accessing tobacco establishments (eg, hookah bars) to 21 years could benefit public health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Aspects of Hookah Smoking Among US Youth

2018

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“…In 2010, 26 U.S. enacted laws prohibiting smoking in indoor workplaces and the nation's health initiative, Healthy People 2020, is seeking laws in all 50 states by the year 2020. [21] 4. TOBACCO'S ADVERSE EFFECTS Today, it is well established that active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke causes numerous health conditions.…”

Section: Early Us Tobacco Bansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical analysis of a no-nicotine hiring policy

Patton

2017

JHA

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This critical analysis examines the human resource (HR) policy of no-nicotine hiring at a healthcare organization in the United States. The paper begins with a history of tobacco use and the smoking trends in the U.S. The social acceptance of tobacco use declined once the harmful effects of the product were scientifically proven. The paper discusses the attempts of workplaces, specifically that of a U.S. healthcare organization, to reduce nicotine use among employees. The organization's policy of a smoking ban is explained, as well as the later policy of refusal to hire a candidate who tests positive for nicotine. Employee reactions to the policies are shared.

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State and Local Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws for Worksites, Restaurants, and Bars — United States, 2015

Cited by 63 publications

References 4 publications

Income Inequality and US Children’s Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Distinct Associations by Race–Ethnicity

Income Inequality and US Children’s Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Distinct Associations by Race–Ethnicity

Social Aspects of Hookah Smoking Among US Youth

Critical analysis of a no-nicotine hiring policy

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