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IntroductionVarious mental health hospital models have been tested in Chile since its foundation. The institutional model with the Asylum and the Madhouse prevailed during the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth. But is deinstitutionalizing all psychiatric patients the solution?Evidence acquisitionA PubMed, Epistemonikos, Lilacs, and Google Scholar Scoping Review was carried out in the last 5 years using the PRISMA-P method and the Scoping review search strategy. The MeSH terms (“Psychiatry/history” AND “Chile”) OR (“Mental disorders” AND “therapy”) were used during the search. Finally, papers focused on clinical trial therapy evaluation were excluded, and we emphasized the effects of historical evidence.Evidence synthesisWe identified 35 primary studies, and we counted the number of articles included in the review that potentially met our inclusion criteria and noted how many studies had been missed by our search. We analyzed 10 primary studies and 10 primary historical resources that were included in this study.ConclusionThe state must become a guarantor and be responsible for its psychiatric patients and provide professional and humanitarian support to its patients, be it through community psychiatry, day hospitals, devices such as mental health clinics, or psychiatric institutes dedicated to teaching and research. Patients should not be left to the free will of their direct relatives, but rather the state should strengthen the primary care system.
IntroductionVarious mental health hospital models have been tested in Chile since its foundation. The institutional model with the Asylum and the Madhouse prevailed during the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth. But is deinstitutionalizing all psychiatric patients the solution?Evidence acquisitionA PubMed, Epistemonikos, Lilacs, and Google Scholar Scoping Review was carried out in the last 5 years using the PRISMA-P method and the Scoping review search strategy. The MeSH terms (“Psychiatry/history” AND “Chile”) OR (“Mental disorders” AND “therapy”) were used during the search. Finally, papers focused on clinical trial therapy evaluation were excluded, and we emphasized the effects of historical evidence.Evidence synthesisWe identified 35 primary studies, and we counted the number of articles included in the review that potentially met our inclusion criteria and noted how many studies had been missed by our search. We analyzed 10 primary studies and 10 primary historical resources that were included in this study.ConclusionThe state must become a guarantor and be responsible for its psychiatric patients and provide professional and humanitarian support to its patients, be it through community psychiatry, day hospitals, devices such as mental health clinics, or psychiatric institutes dedicated to teaching and research. Patients should not be left to the free will of their direct relatives, but rather the state should strengthen the primary care system.
RESUMEN: En un contexto de desarrollo de la anatomía patológica y de la irrupción de la mirada científica sobre el cuerpo de los enfermos mentales, los asilos de locos subrayaron la importancia del espacio, real o simulado, como recurso curativo. Las Casas de Orates se armaron a partir de una propuesta que en su diseño, emplazamiento y realización representó los principios del alienismo, ajustados a la realidad chilena. Este proceso impulsó un escenario asilar específico, con paisajes interiores y exteriores, que caracterizaron al alienismo local y a su promesa de tratar la locura. Este artículo estudia los asilos proyectados o levantados en Chile desde la Casa de Locos (1852) hasta el Open Door Nacional (1928), dando cuenta de los procesos de apropiación de un modelo internacional desde las particularidades del paisaje local asilar.PALABRAS CLAVE: Casa de Orates; Tratamiento Moral; Espacio Terapéutico; Chile; Siglos XIX y XX. ABSTRACT:In a period shaped by the development of anatomical pathology and by the entrance of the scientific gaze over the body of the insane, the mental asylum underscored the key importance of the space, real or simulate, as a therapeutic tool. Madhouses were influenced by a proposal that followed in terms of design, location and implementation, the principles of alienism, adjusted to the Chilean setting. This process contributed to develop a specific asylum space, with internal and external landscapes, which characterized local alienism and its promise to treat madness. This article studies the Chilean asylums -planned or built-from the Madhouse (1852) to the National Open Door (1928), in order to show the process of appropriation of an international therapeutic model from the peculiarities of the institutional landscape.
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