Neuroprotective effects of the ethanol stem bark extracts ofTerminalia ivorensisin ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice

Abstract

Context: Schizophrenia is a heterogenous neurological disorder, which has been hypothetically linked to oxidative imbalance and associated behavioral perturbations. Preliminary evidence from animal models predictive of human psychosis suggests that Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae) has antipsychotic-like activity in mice.Objective: This study investigates the neuroprotective property of the ethanol stem bark extracts of T. ivorensis (EETI) in reversal treatment of ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative alteration in adult male Swiss albino mice. Materials and methods: Animals were divided into six treatment groups (n ¼ 5). Animals received distilled water or ketamine (20 mg/kg) once daily intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days, and from the 8th to the 14th day, they were treated with EETI (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg), risperidone (RIS) or vehicle orally once daily. Behaviors related to positive (locomotor activity) and cognitive (Y maze) symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed. Glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, including malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were measured in mice whole brains. Result: The LD 50 of EETI was 2236.06 mg/kg, p.o. body weight. EETI (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and cognitive dysfunction. The extract decreased MDA concentration (39.0, 62.6 and 67.5%) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, EETI significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the depletion of GSH, and increased activities of SOD and CAT in brain tissues. Discussion and conclusion: These findings suggest that EETI probably exert its antipsychotic-like activity, via a neuroprotective compensatory mechanism of action, and as such, could be relevant in the management of schizophrenia. ARTICLE HISTORY

The Terminalia laxiflora modulates the neurotoxicity induced by fipronil in male albino rats

“…Neuroprotective effect of Terminalia species extract was probably achieved due to its phytochemical antioxidant constituents, such as flavonoids (e.g. polyphenols), saponins (triterpenoid ivorenosides A, B, and C), tannins and ellegic [47,66]. Many of these constituents have been shown to readily cross the blood–brain barrier to exert central nervous system activities, which includes anti-neuroinflammatory, neuroprotective, chemoprevention, antioxidant activity [67].…”

Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Damage in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

“…As the most metabolically active part of the human body, the brain generates many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative stress (OS) when excessively produced or inadequately removed [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. This, in turn, can lead to neural cell damage [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Protective effects of tetrahydropalmatine against ketamine-induced learning and memory injury via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in mice

“…However, its use is controversial due to the reported ketamine-induced reduction in juvenile learning and memory function (14). In addition, ketamine has been reported to induce schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice (15). The present study demonstrated that tetrahydropalmatine effectively inhibited ketamine-induced increases in escape latency and mean path length, and reversed the ketamine-induced decreases in percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and number of times crossing the platform.…”