Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Long-Term Strenuous Exercise

Nielsen, Hilde Grindvik; Øktedalen, Olav; Opstad, P. K.; Lyberg, Torstein

doi:10.1155/2016/7186137

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Additionally, post-effort increases in IL-10 and TNF-α levels were only seen in the YYRL1 group. According to literature data, the changes in pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels depend on the intensity and duration of physical effort [48][49][50]. The increase in IL-2 concentration observed in our study is in accordance with the increase in the Th1 cell subset distribution.…”

Section: Post-effort Cytokine Releasesupporting

confidence: 89%

T helper cell-related changes in peripheral blood induced by progressive effort among soccer players

Kostrzewa-Nowak

Nowak

2020

PLoS ONE

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The regulatory mechanisms affecting the modulation of the immune system accompanying the progressive effort to exhaustion, particularly associated with T cells, are not fully understood. We analysed the impact of two progressive effort protocols on T helper (Th) cell distribution and selected cytokines. Methods Sixty-two male soccer players with a median age of 17 (16-29) years performed different protocols for progressive exercise until exhaustion: YO-YO (YYRL1) and Beep. Blood samples for all analyses were taken three times: at baseline, post-effort, and in recovery. Results The percentage of Th1 cells increased post-effort and in recovery. The post-effort percentage of Th1 cells was higher in the Beep group compared to the YYRL1 group. Significant post-effort increase in Th17 cells was observed in both groups. The post-effort percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) increased in the Beep group. An increased post-effort concentration of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ in both groups was observed. Post-effort TNF-α and IL-10 levels were higher than baseline in the YYRL1 group, while the post-effort IL-17A concentration was lower than baseline only in the Beep group. The recovery IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were higher than baseline in the YYRL1 group. The recovery IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ values were higher than baseline in the Beep group. Conclusion The molecular patterns related to cytokine secretion are not the same between different protocols for progressive effort. It seems that Treg cells are probably the key cells responsible for silencing the inflammation and enhancing anti-inflammatory pathways.

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Section: Post-effort Cytokine Releasesupporting

confidence: 89%

T helper cell-related changes in peripheral blood induced by progressive effort among soccer players

Kostrzewa-Nowak

Nowak

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…These characteristics disappeared after the additional final exhaustion test, when the proliferation rate of spleen cells increased even more than in sedentary animals, producing similar IFN-γ and IL-6 amounts to the non-trained rats (TE and TE24 groups), but higher IL-10 secretion (TE group). Similarly, an increase in plasma IL-10 levels was reported in runners immediately after running a marathon (Nielsen et al, 2016). Spleen cells from intensively trained rats showed a similar proliferative ability under the B cell stimulus PWM but secreted higher amounts of IL-6 and lower amounts of IL-10 than sedentary animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Changes in Lymphocyte Composition and Functionality After Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise in Rats

et al. 2019

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Exhausting exercise can have a deleterious effect on the immune system. Nevertheless, the impact of exercise intensity on lymphocyte composition and functionality remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of intensive training on lymphoid tissues (blood, thymus, and spleen) in Wistar rats. Two intensive training programs were performed: a short program, running twice a day for 2 weeks and ending with a final exhaustion test (S-TE group), and a longer program, including two exhaustion tests plus three runs per week for 5 weeks. After this last training program, samples were obtained 24 h after a regular training session (T group), immediately after an additional exhaustion test (TE group) and 24 h later (TE24 group). The composition of lymphocytes in the blood, thymus, and spleen, the function of spleen cells and serum immunoglobulins were determined. In the blood, only the TE group modified lymphocyte proportions. Mature thymocytes' proportions decreased in tissues obtained just after exhaustion. There was a lower percentage of spleen NK and NKT cells after the longer training program. In these rats, the T group showed a reduced lymphoproliferative activity, but it was enhanced immediately after the final exhaustion. Cytokine secretion was modified after the longer training (T group), which decreased IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion but increased that of IL-6. Higher serum IgG concentrations after the longer training program were detected. In conclusion, the intensive training for 5 weeks changed the lymphocyte distribution among primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and modified their function.

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“…Several studies have reported that physical activity can induce an acute phase response characterized by an increase in multiple circulating cytokines and chemokines, such as Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Monocyte Chemoattractant-1 (MCP-1) [25–27]. However, other studies have shown no significant changes in cytokine levels after exercise [28–31], thus confirming that a lack of clarity exists on this issue, probably due to the complexity of the adaptive mechanisms during physical activity. Herein, we assessed the antioxidant and inflammatory status both at rest and after an acute, moderately intense exercise in sedentary, normal weight and overweight/obese young men, to test whether different early adaptive responses after a similar energy demanding stimulus may occur in these individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acute physical exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory status in young, sedentary obese subjects

et al. 2017

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Circulating oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory markers change after regular physical exercise; however, how a short session of acute physical activity affects the inflammatory status and redox balance in sedentary individuals is still unclear. Aim of this study is to assess antioxidant and inflammatory parameters, both at rest and after acute exercise, in sedentary young men with or without obesity. Thirty sedentary male volunteers, aged 20–45 (mean age 32 ± 7 years), were recruited, divided into 3 groups (normal weight: BMI < 25 kg/m2; overweight to moderate obesity: 25–35 kg/m2; severe obesity: 35–40 kg/m2), and their blood samples collected before and after a 20-min run at ~ 70% of their VO2max for the measurement of Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Superoxide Dismutase, Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, MCP-1, VEGF, IFNγ, EGF). Inter-group comparisons demonstrated significantly higher Glutathione Reductase activity in severely obese subjects in the post-exercise period (P = 0.036), and higher EGF levels in normal weight individuals, either before (P = 0.003) and after exercise (P = 0.05). Intra-group comparisons showed that the acute exercise stress induced a significant increase in Glutathione Reductase activity in severely obese subjects only (P = 0.007), a significant decrease in MCP-1 in the normal weight group (P = 0.02), and a decrease in EGF levels in all groups (normal weight: P = 0.025, overweight/moderate obesity: P = 0.04, severe obesity: P = 0.018). Altogether, these findings suggest that in sedentary individuals with different ranges of BMI, Glutathione Reductase and distinct cytokines are differentially involved into the adaptive metabolic changes and redox responses induced by physical exercise. Therefore, these biomarkers may have the potential to identify individuals at higher risk for developing diseases pathophysiologically linked to oxidative stress.

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Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Long-Term Strenuous Exercise

Cited by 47 publications

References 32 publications

T helper cell-related changes in peripheral blood induced by progressive effort among soccer players

T helper cell-related changes in peripheral blood induced by progressive effort among soccer players

Changes in Lymphocyte Composition and Functionality After Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise in Rats

Effects of acute physical exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory status in young, sedentary obese subjects

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