Sex differences in food choices, adherence to dietary recommendations and plasma lipid profile in type 2 diabetes – The TOSCA.IT study

Abstract

Men and women with diabetes show significant differences in adherence to nutritional recommendations, but sex differences in plasma lipid profile are unlikely to be explained by nutritional factors. Adherence to the nutritional recommendations is associated with a better plasma lipid profile regardless of sex, thus reinforcing the importance of substituting saturated for unsaturated fat sources, increasing fiber and reducing added sugar intake.

Dietary habits and adherence to dietary recommendations in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population in Denmark

“…Less than 10% of patients with diabetes and of the general population fulfilled the recommendations for intake of SFA, reflecting a general problem of the abundance of SFA (and refined carbohydrates) in the western diet. Our findings are in accordance with findings in several observational studies, where intakes of total fat and saturated fat exceed recommendations, while the opposite goes for the intake of fibre in patients with diabetes (6,7,10,11).…”

“…Underreporting could also be due to dieting attempts resulting in a negative energy balance and we found that up to 21% of the potential under-reporters in our study were in a calorie-restricted program assessed by a dietitian during the study period. Previous studies have reported that dieting is an important contributor do systematic bias (14), however, we did not exclude low-energy reporters in our analyses as others have done (11). Data suggest that calculated BMR may be over-estimated by the Schofield equations only in the most obese (BMI>35 kg/m 2 ) and that even when adjusting for BMR, this may not transfer the group into the category of acceptable/plausible reporters (14).…”

“…The latest national survey of dietary habits in Denmark (2011 -13) concluded that the Danish diet was too high in fat and carbohydrates (added sugar) and too low in dietary fibre compared to the dietary guidelines (5). Only a few studies have investigated dietary intake and adherence to the recommendations in patients with diabetes (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), in general reporting poor adherence for most macronutrients. Dietary studies comparing patients with diabetes with the general population have not previously been reported.…”

Dietary intake by food group of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

“…All studies reported cross-sectional data. Five publications analysed data previously collected in other studies, [24,[25][26][27][28] with three reporting baseline data collected prior to conducting an intervention trial [25,27,28]. A total of 10, 672 individuals participated in the 11 studies, 9, 718 of which had T2DM.…”

Female Dietary Patterns and the Pathogenesis of NAFLD

“…Women of all age groups are healthier than men with regard to their food behavior. [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Nutrition plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. However, there is evidence that female dietary patterns are not causative for the increased incidence of NAFLD among postmenopausal women.…”