“Quite a Profoundly Strange Experience”: An Analysis of the Experiences of<i>Salvia divinorum</i>Users

Hutton, Fiona; Kivell, Bronwyn M.; Boyle, Otis

doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1179376

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Zamudio;Contró, 2022), igualmente en Bélgica, Dinamarca, Noruega, Suecia, Alemania, Italia, Finlandia, Polonia, Rumania, Lituania, Rusia, Latvia, e Islandia. Los países asiáticos de Corea del Sur y Japón, y en los países oceánicos Australia y Nueva Zelanda se sumaron a la corriente prohibicionista en los últimos años (Hutton et al, 2016;Griffin et al, 2008).…”

Section: Salvia Divinorum Se Hace Globalunclassified

Salvia Divinorum: entrSalvia divinorum: Entre la prohibición y la construcción de su conocimientoe a proibição e a construção do seu saber

Bello

2022

Cad. Campo (São Paulo 1991)

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Son múltiples los motivos para afirmar que la Salvia divinorum es una de las plantas enteogénicas más singulares que existen en el planeta. Endémica de la sierra de Oaxaca, México, ha sido utilizada tradicionalmente por diversas culturas indígenas en complejos rituales mágicos, adivinatorios y curativos. En las últimas tres décadas, emergió en el mercado mexicano y mundial en la forma de extractos para fumar altamente concentrados, que proveen una potente experiencia psicodélica. Por tanto, comenzó a ser vendida como una “droga recreativa” en desconocimiento de los usos tradicionales que históricamente la han acompañado, hecho que conllevó no sólo a desprestigiarla en diferentes horizontes con posibilidades terapéuticas, sociales y de conocimiento, sino también a que entrara en un proceso de prohibición en muchos países alrededor del mundo.

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Section: Salvia Divinorum Se Hace Globalunclassified

Salvia Divinorum: entrSalvia divinorum: Entre la prohibición y la construcción de su conocimientoe a proibição e a construção do seu saber

Bello

2022

Cad. Campo (São Paulo 1991)

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“…In Portugal, Decree no 54/2013, 17 of April prohibited the production, distribution, sale, and possession of S. divinorum, salvinorin A and salvinorin B [71]. Following the implementation of the New Zealand 2014 Psychoactive Substances Amendment Act, all new psychoactive substances, which included S. divinorum, become legally controlled in this country [72].…”

Section: Legal Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Salvinorin A and Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Forensic Aspects

et al. 2021

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Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva is a perennial mint from the Lamiaceae family, endemic to Mexico, predominantly from the state of Oaxaca. Due to its psychoactive properties, S. divinorum had been used for centuries by Mazatecans for divinatory, religious, and medicinal purposes. In recent years, its use for recreational purposes, especially among adolescents and young adults, has progressively increased. The main bioactive compound underlying the hallucinogenic effects, salvinorin A, is a non-nitrogenous diterpenoid with high affinity and selectivity for the k-opioid receptor. The aim of this work is to comprehensively review and discuss the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, highlighting their psychological, physiological, and toxic effects. Potential therapeutic applications and forensic aspects are also covered in this review. The leaves of S. divinorum can be chewed, drunk as an infusion, smoked, or vaporised. Absorption of salvinorin A occurs through the oral mucosa or the respiratory tract, being rapidly broken down in the gastrointestinal system to its major inactive metabolite, salvinorin B, when swallowed. Salvinorin A is rapidly distributed, with accumulation in the brain, and quickly eliminated. Its pharmacokinetic parameters parallel well with the short-lived psychoactive and physiological effects. No reports on toxicity or serious adverse outcomes were found. A variety of therapeutic applications have been proposed for S. divinorum which includes the treatment of chronic pain, gastrointestinal and mood disorders, neurological diseases, and treatment of drug dependence. Notwithstanding, there is still limited knowledge regarding the pharmacology and toxicology features of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, and this is needed due to its widespread use. Additionally, the clinical acceptance of salvinorin A has been hampered, especially due to the psychotropic side effects and misuse, turning the scientific community to the development of analogues with better pharmacological profiles.

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“…The plant has traditionally been used in the spiritual practices of the Mazatec Indians to produce hallucinogenic experiences as well as treating a variety of ailments including headache, diarrhoea, rheumatism and given as palliative care (Valdes et al, 1983). Leaves of S. divinorum can either be chewed or smoked, with ingestion of the leaves leading to a weak absorption of SalA (Siebert, 1994), whilst inhalation of the smoke gives a short-acting, potent hallucinogenic effect which is unique to that of traditional hallucinogens (Hutton et al, 2016). Today, S. divinorum is used as a recreational hallucinogenic drug (known as Salvia), especially among young adults.…”

Section: Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists For the Treatment Of Pain 1741 Salvia Divinorum And Salvinorin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the antinociceptive effects of N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine and novel kappa opioid receptor agonists

Paton¹

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<p>Chronic pain causes patients to endure prolonged suffering and discomfort, often having profound effects on quality of life. In New Zealand, one in five people currently suffer from chronic pain. To treat chronic pain, patients are typically prescribed drugs that activate the mu opioid receptor (MOPr), such as morphine, codeine and oxycodone. In recent years in the United States of America, there has been a rapid increase in the use of prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs, with opioid overdoses now the leading cause of accidental death. In New Zealand, daily doses of prescription opioids quadrupled in the ten year period from 2001-2011. Clearly, there is a need for the development of more effective and safe medications. This thesis evaluated two classes of non-addictive compounds: bioactive lipids and kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists. N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine (DHEA) is an N-acyl ethanolamine class lipid that is structurally similar to the endocannabinoid anandamide. DHEA has previously been shown to have immune-modulatory effects in vitro, however, the in vivo effects have not previously been tested. Using the intraplantar 2% formaldehyde model in mice, DHEA reduced inflammatory and nociceptive pain via both intraperitoneal (i.p.) and local intraplantar (i.pl.) administration. DHEA significantly reduced formaldehyde-induced footpad oedema and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the inflamed tissue. The antinociceptive and anti-oedematous effects were not modulated by pre-treatment with either cannabinoid 1- or 2-type receptor antagonists. DHEA did not have any effect in a thermal nociceptive pain model and did not show any motor coordination impairment or changes in thermoregulation. In the search for non-addictive analgesics, KOPr agonists are a promising alternative. In contrast to MOPr agonists, KOPr agonists play a critical role in regulating the reward system. Salvinorin A (SalA) is a selective KOPr agonist that has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, with limited abuse potential. However, the short duration of action and aversive side effects limit the clinical usefulness. The present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of acute administration of novel analogues of SalA. In the dose-response tail withdrawal assay, SalA and the novel analogues 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA were more potent than the traditional KOPr agonist U50,488, and 16-Ethynyl SalA was more efficacious. 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA both had a longer duration of action in the warm water tail withdrawal assay and the hot plate test compared to SalA. In the intraplantar 2% formaldehyde test, SalA, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA significantly reduced nociceptive pain and inflammatory pain, effects which were reversed by the KOPr antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. SalA, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA reduced paw oedema and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the inflamed tissue. However, SalA, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA produced motor incoordination effects. However, 16-Ethynyl SalA did not alter thermoregulation. The KOPr agonists were further assessed in a model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. In the acute dose-response experiment, 16-Ethynyl SalA was significantly more potent at reducing mechanical allodynia compared to morphine in both male and female mice. SalA and 16-Ethynyl SalA were more potent at reducing cold allodynia than morphine. In a chronic administration model over 22 days, for the treatment of cold and mechanical allodynia, all of the opioid treatments reduced pain, however, the traditional KOPr agonist U50,488, was the most potent, by reducing the male mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in both sexes back to baseline levels. The ultrastructure of the sciatic nerves were studied, however, it was found that U50,488 did not reverse the effects of paclitaxel on myelin degeneration and mitochondrial damage. Overall, this study has identified DHEA as a modest treatment for inflammatory pain, with reduced side effects and a mechanism of action in contrast to other compounds with a similar structure. The novel KOPr agonists had significant effects in acute pain models with longer duration of action than the parent compound SalA. This is the first known study to investigate the effects of KOPr agonists in a paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain model, showing that KOPr agonists are a potential therapeutic avenue for this debilitating condition.</p>

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“Quite a Profoundly Strange Experience”: An Analysis of the Experiences ofSalvia divinorumUsers

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Salvia Divinorum: entrSalvia divinorum: Entre la prohibición y la construcción de su conocimientoe a proibição e a construção do seu saber

Salvia Divinorum: entrSalvia divinorum: Entre la prohibición y la construcción de su conocimientoe a proibição e a construção do seu saber

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Salvinorin A and Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Forensic Aspects

Investigating the antinociceptive effects of N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine and novel kappa opioid receptor agonists

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