“…In addition to mitochondrial apoptosis, the endoplasmic reticulum pathway and the death receptor pathway also lead to cell death [ 40 ]. The endoplasmic reticulum pathway activates caspase-12 and downstream caspase-3 to inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 , and reduce Bcl-2/Bax heterodimers, promoting apoptosis [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] ].…”