Assessment of air and water contamination by disinfection by-products at 41 indoor swimming pools

Tardif, Robert; Catto, Cyril; Haddad, Sami; Simard, Sabrina; Rodriguez, Manuel J.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.011

Cited by 63 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…. High concentrations were also measured in other studies (Bessonneau et al, 2011;Tardif et al, 2016). However, the mean concentrations of tTHM obtained in these studies were lower compared to the mean concentrations measured in S2.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 38%

Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

et al. 2017

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Certain aspects of the distribution of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the air of indoor swimming pools, the exposure of the users, and possible health effects have not been well documented. To determine the distribution of trihalomethanes (THM), measurements were performed at 0.05 m, 0.60 m and 1.50 m above the water surface. These heights were chosen to measure the exposure in the breathing zone of the users. Air samples were collected from two indoor swimming pool facilities in Norway. Facility 1 uses calcium hypochlorite and facility 2 uses sodium hypochlorite for water treatment. In facility 2, one of the swimming pools is filled with 33% seawater, while the other pools in this study were filled with freshwater. Higher values were measured at 0.05 m compared to 1.50 m. Negligible differences between the measurements at 0.60 m and 1.50 m above floor levels were obtained. In average, 282% higher concentrations of total THM (tTHM) were measured in facility 2. Different disinfection products and ventilation concepts are possible explanations. Swimmers are exposed to higher concentrations compared to users by the poolside. For future studies, it is crucial to measure as close to the water surface as possible.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 38%

Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

et al. 2017

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“…While significantly higher concentrations (95 and 205 µg/m 3 ) have been previously reported,12,55 DBCM concentrations measured in this study are generally similar to most other reported studies 15,31,44,47,48,56,57. TBM was detected in the air above all chlorinated pools at concentrations of 3.4 to 36 µg/m 3 , which are similar to most other studies, as summarized by Carter and Joll, 1 although two studies53,54 have reported significantly higher TBM concentrations (103 and 319 µg/m 3 ) in the air above chlorinated pools, with another study reporting TBM at concentrations up to 1910 µg/m 3 above a brominated spa 52.…”

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confidence: 92%

An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes

et al. 2019

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A simple method for the collection and analysis of the four brominated and chlorinated trihalomethanes (THMs) in air samples is described. Ambient air samples were collected in pre‐prepared glass vials, with THM analysis performed using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, where the need for chemical reagents is minimized. Analytical parameters, including oven temperature program, solvent volume, incubation time, vial agitation, extraction time and temperature, as well as desorption time and temperature, were evaluated to ensure optimal method performance. The developed method allows for point‐in‐time quantification (compared to an average concentration measured over extended periods of time), with detection limits between 0.7 to 2.6 µg/m3. Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99), repeatability (3% to 11% RSD), and reproducibility (3% to 16% RSD) were demonstrated over a concentration range from 2 to 5000 µg/m3. The method was validated for the analysis of THMs in indoor swimming pool air and was used to investigate the occurrence of THMs in the air above 15 indoor swimming pools. This is the first study to report the occurrence of THMs in swimming pool air in Australia, and concentrations higher than those previously reported in other countries were measured.

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“…HAN production is directly related to the content of nitrogen compounds (urea, ammonium, creatine, amino acids) (Li and Blatchley, 2007;Weaver et al, 2009;Deiber et al, 2016). DCAN and BCAN are the two compounds mostly encountered in freshwater swimming pools (Tardif et al, 2016). DBAN is the predominant HAN in brominedisinfected swimming pools (Deiber et al, 2016) and in chlorinated seawater pools (Parinet et al, 2012;Manasfi et al, 2017bManasfi et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Haloacetonitriles (Hans)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Halonitromethanes (HNMs), including trichloronitromethane (TCNM or chloropicrin or nitrochloroform), bromonitromethane (BNM), bromochloronitromethane (BCNM) and dibromonitromethane (DBNM), have been detected in chlorinated swimming pools at concentrations between 0.8 and 7 µg L -1 , and up to 11 µg L -1 for BCNM (Kanan, 2010). Recently, TCNM was detected at levels varying between 0.07 and 1.43 µg L -1 (Tardif et al, 2016). Among nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been reported in few studies at levels varying from 32 ng L -1 (Walse and Micth, 2008) to 210 ng L -1 (Kim and Han, 2011) and up to 310 ng L-1 in a hot tub (Walse and Mitch, 2008).…”

Section: Haloacetonitriles (Hans)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been reported in few studies at levels varying from 32 ng L -1 (Walse and Micth, 2008) to 210 ng L -1 (Kim and Han, 2011) and up to 310 ng L-1 in a hot tub (Walse and Mitch, 2008). NDMA has also been reported in Canada by Tardif et al (2016) with levels varying between 2.4 and 25.4 ng L -1 .…”

Section: Haloacetonitriles (Hans)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence, origin, and toxicity of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated swimming pools: An overview

Manasfi

Coulomb

Boudenne

2017

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

122

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Disinfection treatments are critical to conserve the microbiological quality of swimming pool water and to prevent water-borne infections. The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is an undesirable consequence resulting from reactions of disinfectants (e.g. chlorine) with organic and inorganic matter present in pool water, mainly brought by bathers. A considerable body of occurrence studies has identified several classes of DBPs in swimming pools with more than 100 compounds detected, mainly in chlorinated freshwater pools. Trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are among the major DBPs in swimming pools. Other DBPs such as haloacetonitriles (HAN), haloamines, nitrosamines, and halobenzoquinones have also been detected. Researchers have been interested in identifying the precursors responsible for the formation of DBPs. In swimming pools, anthropogenic organic loads brought by swimmers increase the complexity of pool water chemistry. When human inputs (e.g. sweat, urine, hair, skin and personal care products) containing very diverse organic compounds are introduced to pools by swimmers, they react with chlorine resulting in the formation of complex mixtures of DBPs. The overwhelming majority of the total organic halide (TOX) content is still unknown in swimming pools. Exposure of swimmers to DBPs can take place through multiple routes, depending on the chemical properties of each DBP. Toxicological studies have shown that swimming pool water can be mutagenic with different potencies reported in different studies. Many DBPs have been shown to be genotoxic and carcinogenic. DBPs were also shown to induce reproductive and neurotoxic adverse effects in animal studies. Epidemiologic studies in humans have shown that exposure to DBPs increases the risk of respiratory adverse effects and bladder cancer. Association between DBPs and other health effects are still inconclusive. Data gathered in the present review (occurrence, toxicity, and toxicological reference values) could be used in conducting chemical risk assessment studies in swimming pools.

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Assessment of air and water contamination by disinfection by-products at 41 indoor swimming pools

Cited by 63 publications

References 41 publications

Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes

Occurrence, origin, and toxicity of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated swimming pools: An overview

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