External Application of Apo-9'-fucoxanthinone, Isolated from Sargassum muticum, Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis

Abstract

Allergic skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis is characterized by skin barrier dysfunction, edema, and infiltration with various inflammatory cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone, isolated from Sargassum muticum, have been described in many diseases, but the mechanism by which it modulates the immune system is poorly understood. In this study, the ability of Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone to suppress allergic reactions was investigated using a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. The Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone-treated group showed significantly decreased immunoglobulin E in serum. Also, Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone treatment resulted in a smaller lymph node size with reduced the thickness and length compared to the induction group. In addition, Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone inhibited the expression of interleukin-4, interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin-stimulated lymphocytes. These results suggest that Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating chronic inflammatory diseases.

Sargassum Seaweed as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Substances and the Potential Insight of the Tropical Species: A Review

“…Some purified compounds of Sargassum , which have been tested for anti-inflammatory activity, include: (1) Terpenoid compounds, such as tuberatolide B, loliolide, sargachromenol, sargachromanol D, sargachromanol G, sargaquinoic acid, sargahydroquinoic acid, isoketochabrolic acid/IKCA, isonahocol E3, and fucosterol fucosterol [19,26,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129]; (2) fucoxanthin and apo-9’-fucoxanthinone [27,117,130,131,132,133]; (3) the polysaccharide group, including alginic acid and pure FCSPs [134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141]; (4) phenolic compounds (phlorotannins) [142,143]; and (5) other groups, such as aryl polyketide lactones and grasshopper ketones [65,144,145]. A summary can be seen in Table 3 and Table 4.…”

“…A complex of the 13-cis and 13’-cis- (6’R) fucoxanthin isomer showed significant cytotoxicity in cells, so the anti-inflammatory effect can be associated with its cytotoxicity. Apo-9-fucoxanthinone, a product of fucoxanthin degradation, is also reported to have promising anti-inflammatory activity [27,130,131,132,133]. Chemical structures of fucoxanthin and its derivatives are shown in Figure 3.…”

“…Alongside the trends occurring in crude extract screening studies, studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of Sargassum purified compounds are still dominated by subtropical samples [19,27,65,108,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,137,140,141,142,143,145,147]. Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of tropical Sargassum purified compounds were carried out by Fernando et al [26], Maneesh and Chakraborty [136,144], Sarithakumari et al [138], and Sarithakumari and Kurup [139].…”

The Use of FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Seasonal Variation Analysis and for the Quality Control of Polysaccharides from Seaweeds

“…Sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides are polymers consisting mainly of sulfated fucose ( l -conformation) or other sulfated monosaccharides [ 15 ]. Brown algal fucoidans have biological activities such as antiviral [ 16 ], antioxidant [ 17 ], antiproliferative (antitumor) [ 18 ], anticomplementary (inhibition of red blood cell lysis) [ 19 ], anti-inflammatory [ 20 ], antithrombotic [ 21 ] and anticoagulant [ 22 ]. Balboa et al [ 23 ] suggest that all this variety of activities is linked to the structure of fucoidans, which is highly heterogeneous from one species to another.…”