Long-Term High-Effort Endurance Exercise in Older Adults: Diminishing Returns for Cognitive and Brain Aging

Young, Jeremy C.; Dowell, Nicholas G.; Watt, Peter; Tabet, Naji; Rusted, Jennifer

doi:10.1123/japa.2015-0039

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(136 reference statements)

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“…Cross-sectional studies suggest that lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are protective against cognitive and neural decline. For example, we have shown that greater PA and CRF are associated with greater WM integrity (Burzynska et al, 2014; Oberlin et al, 2016) and that older aerobically trained athletes have greater brain structural integrity and cognitive performance than their sedentary low-fit peers (Tseng et al, 2013; Burzynska et al, 2015; Young et al, 2016). However, a recent meta-analysis showed only modest cross-sectional effects of CRF and aerobic PA on WM in aging (Sexton et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Matter Integrity Declined Over 6-Months, but Dance Intervention Improved Integrity of the Fornix of Older Adults

Burzyńska

Jiao

Knecht

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

119

110

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Degeneration of cerebral white matter (WM), or structural disconnection, is one of the major neural mechanisms driving age-related decline in cognitive functions, such as processing speed. Past cross-sectional studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of greater cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, cognitive training, social engagement, and nutrition on cognitive functioning and brain health in aging. Here, we collected diffusion magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging data from 174 older (age 60–79) adults to study the effects of 6-months lifestyle interventions on WM integrity. Healthy but low-active participants were randomized into Dance, Walking, Walking + Nutrition, and Active Control (stretching and toning) intervention groups (NCT01472744 on ClinicalTrials.gov). Only in the fornix there was a time × intervention group interaction of change in WM integrity: integrity declined over 6 months in all groups but increased in the Dance group. Integrity in the fornix at baseline was associated with better processing speed, however, change in fornix integrity did not correlate with change in processing speed. Next, we observed a decline in WM integrity across the majority of brain regions in all participants, regardless of the intervention group. This suggests that the aging of the brain is detectable on the scale of 6-months, which highlights the urgency of finding effective interventions to slow down this process. Magnitude of WM decline increased with age and decline in prefrontal WM was of lesser magnitude in older adults spending less time sedentary and more engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. In addition, our findings support the anterior-to-posterior gradient of greater-to-lesser decline, but only in the in the corpus callosum. Together, our findings suggest that combining physical, cognitive, and social engagement (dance) may help maintain or improve WM health and more physically active lifestyle is associated with slower WM decline. This study emphasizes the importance of a physically active and socially engaging lifestyle among aging adults.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Matter Integrity Declined Over 6-Months, but Dance Intervention Improved Integrity of the Fornix of Older Adults

Burzyńska

Jiao

Knecht

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

119

110

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show abstract

“…Seniors who had a longer experience of physical activity showed better results, but no significant differences were found between physically active and inactive seniors and their cognitive and motor indicators. Also, no significant differences between physically active and inactive people were found in the study of other researchers in 2016 (Young, Dowell, Watt, Tabet, & Rusted, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

The Importance of Physical Activity in the Interaction of Motor and Cognitive Functions in Elderly People

Česnaitienė

Ossowski

Karanauskienė

et al. 2020

BJSHS

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Background. It is predicted that in 2060, the number of elderly people in Lithuania (62 and over years of age) will be 31.2% (Tamutienė & Naujanienė, 2013). The maintenance of stable posture requires particular attention because it gets more difficult to sustain it while doing multiple moves at the same time when you are getting older (Woo, Davids, Liukkonen, Chow, & Jaakkola, 2017). The aim of the study was to determine the importance of physical activity for the interplay of motor and cognitive functions in elderly people. Methods. Evaluation of static equilibrium by posturographic method, evaluation of cognitive functions, statistical analysis. Results. The results of the physically active and inactive research subjects were statistically significant (p = .043) in memory task with the eyes closed and in a simple position. A statistically significant difference in the sway velocity (Vsc) between the physical activity groups with eyes closed in simple position was also observed (p = .044). Double task with eyes closed resulted in worse balance performance. Conclusions. 1. Physical activity did not affect the motor function of the elderly. There were no differences between the physically active and inactive subjects in the assessed behavioral indices. 2. Physical activity did not affect the cognitive functions of the elderly. All elderly subjects were equally mistaken in their cognitive memory task. 3. The motor functions of the physically active elderly are controlled statistically significantly better when performing additional cognitive tasks than those of the physically inactive ones. Keywords: balance, elderly, physical activity.

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“…114 In contrast, 2 decades of high-effort endurance exercise reported by older adults documented no cognitive differences compared with a nonsedentary control group of similar age. 115 Some of the limitations of the prospective exercise trials may be better addressed when the independent variable is fitness, which is the intended outcome of aerobic exercise. Fitness can be physiologically defined by the measured oxygen uptake during maximum exercise.…”

Section: Results: Human Studies Humans and Neurotrophic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic Exercise: Evidence for a Direct Brain Effect to Slow Parkinson Disease Progression

Ahlskog

2018

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

106

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No medications are proven to slow the progression of Parkinson disease (PD). Of special concern with longer-standing PD is cognitive decline, as well as motor symptoms unresponsive to dopamine replacement therapy. Not fully recognized is the substantial accumulating evidence that long-term aerobic exercise may attenuate PD progression. Randomized controlled trial proof will not be forthcoming due to many complicating methodological factors. However, extensive and diverse avenues of scientific investigation converge to argue that aerobic exercise and cardiovascular fitness directly influence cerebral mechanisms mediating PD progression. To objectively assess the evidence for a PD exercise benefit, a comprehensive PubMed literature search was conducted, with an unbiased focus on exercise influences on parkinsonism, cognition, brain structure, and brain function. This aggregate literature provides a compelling argument for regular aerobic-type exercise and cardiovascular fitness attenuating PD progression.

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Long-Term High-Effort Endurance Exercise in Older Adults: Diminishing Returns for Cognitive and Brain Aging

Cited by 11 publications

References 94 publications

White Matter Integrity Declined Over 6-Months, but Dance Intervention Improved Integrity of the Fornix of Older Adults

White Matter Integrity Declined Over 6-Months, but Dance Intervention Improved Integrity of the Fornix of Older Adults

The Importance of Physical Activity in the Interaction of Motor and Cognitive Functions in Elderly People

Aerobic Exercise: Evidence for a Direct Brain Effect to Slow Parkinson Disease Progression

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